Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Addison Baker, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Southpoint, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Mario Morales, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll

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References:

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References:
IMAGE: Horseshoe crab
https://pixnio.com/fauna-anima....ls/crabs-and-lobster
IMAGE: Trilobite https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Megalaspides_01.jpg?fastcci_from=204367&c1=204367&c2=3618826&d1=15&d2=0&s=200
IMAGE: Arthropod family Tree
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
And although horseshoe crabs made it to modern times and trilobites didn’t, they both have ancient beginnings. The oldest known trilobite is ~540 million years old, but the horseshoe crabs weren’t far behind with the earliest example showing up ~445 million years ago. So technically just looking at a horseshoe crab you’re looking back millions of years into the past.
SOURCE: http://www.igme.es/museo/trilo....08/archivos/TRILOBIT (oldest trilobites)
SOURCE: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1111/j.1475- (oldest horseshoe crabs)

IMAGE: bird skull https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73....400/73460/73460_skul
IMAGE: reptile skull (Px = premaxilla) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Jugal_bone#/media/Fi

IMAGE: Limusaurus https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Limusaurus
Source: http://b3.ifrm.com/30233/130/0..../p3001488/PIIS096098

IMAGE: Archaeornithura https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Archaeorni
MAGE: Archaeopteryx https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Archaeopte

SOURCE: Paleo Art
https://naturalhistory.si.edu/....exhibits/backyard-di
SOURCE: Digital reconstruction https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC50989

IMAGE: fossilization https://www.nature.com/scienti....ficamerican/journal/
SOURCE: fossilization
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo3xx/geo308/FoldersOnServer/2003/1fossil&taph&ichno.htm
SOURCE: Anthropocene
http://environment.harvard.edu..../news/faculty-news/h

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This is not a Game of Thrones fan fiction episode. Dire wolves were real! And thousands of them died in the same spot in California. Their remains have taught us volumes about how they lived, hunted, died and way more about any animal’s sex life than you’d ever want to know.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

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References:
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/314984082
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1002/10
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70046371
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5999
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/283
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/11/4191
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524203
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524553
https://zslpublications.online....library.wiley.com/do
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/10.1111/jeb.12
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/282253545
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0131
https://nhm.org/site/sites/def....ault/files/pdf/contr
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/j.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4096974
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957359

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

As more and more fossil ancestors have been found, our genus has become more and more inclusive, incorporating more members that look less like us, Homo sapiens. By getting to know these other hominins--the ones who came before us--we can start to answer some big questions about what it essentially means to be human.

Thanks as always to Nobu Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the hominin illustrations. You can find more of Julio's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان , Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

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References:
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/behavior/footp
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
https://australianmuseum.net.a....u/learn/science/huma
https://www.earthmagazine.org/....article/redefining-h
https://medium.com/@johnhawks/....the-plot-to-kill-hom
Antón, S. C., Potts, R., & Aiello, L. C. (2014). Evolution of early Homo: an integrated biological perspective. Science, 345(6192), 1236828.
Gibbons, A. (2015). Deep roots for the genus Homo.
Haile-Selassie, Y., Latimer, B. M., Alene, M., Deino, A. L., Gibert, L., Melillo, S. M., ... & Lovejoy, C. O. (2010). An early Australopithecus afarensis postcranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(27), 12121-12126.
Leakey, L. S., Tobias, P. V., & Napier, J. R. (1964). A new species of the genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge.
Schwartz, J. H., & Tattersall, I. (2015). Defining the genus Homo. Science, 349(6251), 931-932.
Susman, R. L. (1994). Fossil evidence for early hominid tool use. Science, 265(5178), 1570-1573.
Villmoare, B., Kimbel, W. H., Seyoum, C., Campisano, C. J., DiMaggio, E. N., Rowan, J., ... & Reed, K. E. (2015). Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia. Science, 347(6228), 1352-1355.
Wood, B. (1992). Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature, 355(6363), 783.
Wood, B. (1999). 'Homo rudolfensis' Alexeev, 1986-fact or phantom?. Journal of human evolution, 36(1), 115.
Wood, B. (2014). Human evolution: Fifty years after Homo habilis. Nature News, 508(7494), 31.
Wood, B., & Collard, M. (1999). The human genus. Science, 284(5411), 65-71.

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Fossilized footprints have proved that human ancestors were already striding across the landscape 3.6 million years ago. But who started them on that path? What species pioneered this style of locomotion? Who was the first to walk?

Check out our new sticker! https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/all/products/e

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

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Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
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References:
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/behavior/footp
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../science-nature/beco
https://www.nature.com/news/20....07/070716/full/news0
Dericquebourg, P., Person, A., Ségalen, L., Pickford, M., Senut, B., & Fagel, N. (2015). Environmental significance of Upper Miocene phosphorites at hominid sites in the Lukeino Formation (Tugen Hills, Kenya). Sedimentary Geology, 327, 43-54.
Thorpe, S. K., McClymont, J. M., & Crompton, R. H. (2014). The arboreal origins of human bipedalism. Antiquity, 88(341), 906-914.
Harcourt-Smith, W. H. (2010). The first hominins and the origins of bipedalism. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 3(3), 333-340.
Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Lieberman, D. E., Likius, A., Mackaye, H. T., ... & Vignaud, P. (2005). New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Nature, 434(7034), 752.
Richmond, B. G., & Jungers, W. L. (2008). Orrorin tugenensis femoral morphology and the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Science, 319(5870), 1662-1665.
Begun, D. R. (2004). The earliest hominins--is less more?. Science, 303(5663), 1478-1480.
Lovejoy, C. O., Latimer, B., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., & White, T. D. (2009). Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, 326(5949), 72-72e8.
Lovejoy, C. O., Suwa, G., Spurlock, L., Asfaw, B., & White, T. D. (2009). The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking. Science, 326(5949), 71-71e6.
White, T. D., Suwa, G., & Asfaw, B. (1994). Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371(6495), 306.
Leakey, M. G., Feibel, C. S., McDougall, I., & Walker, A. (1995). New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature, 376(6541), 565.
White, T. D., WoldeGabriel, G., Asfaw, B., Ambrose, S., Beyene, Y., Bernor, R. L., ... & Hart, W. K. (2006). Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus. Nature, 440(7086), 883.
Masao, F. T., Ichumbaki, E. B., Cherin, M., Barili, A., Boschian, G., Iurino, D. A., ... & Manzi, G. (2016). New footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania) provide evidence for marked body size variation in early hominins. elife, 5, e19568.
Almécija, S., Tallman, M., Alba, D. M., Pina, M., Moyà-Solà, S., & Jungers, W. L. (2013). The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications, 4, 2888.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

You can check out Google's Science Journal app at https://makingscience.withgoog....le.com/science-journ

We're back in Bozeman, Montana this week talking to Amy Atwater, Collections Manager at the Museum of the Rockies. MOR has among the largest collections of North American dinosaurs in the United States. We talk to Amy about her job and the collection she manages.

Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart : http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Check out ReInventors: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCzZRoStdiqWxauQT2

Experts are still arguing over whether Archaeopteryx was a true bird, or a paravian dinosaur, or some other kind of dino. But regardless of what side you’re on, how did this fascinating, bird-like animal relate to today’s birds? It turns out its teeth were a clue that this story goes all the way back to what we now call the non-avian dinosaurs.

Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the excellent Longipteryx reconstruction. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Kelby Reid, Steph Summerfield, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

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References:
doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-14.83.337
https://digitallibrary.amnh.or....g/bitstream/handle/2
Bakker RT. 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies. Zebra Books, New York. 481 pp. ISBN: 0806522607
https://paleoglot.org/files/Ji&Ji_96.pdf
doi:10.1038/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-76
Martyniuk, MP. 2012. A Field Guide to Mesozoic Birds and Other Winged DInosaurs. Pan Aves, Vernon, NJ. 191 pp.
ISBN-13: 978-0-9885965-0-4
Baby enantiornithine: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.06.001
Enantiornithine wings: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12089
Baby dinosaur tail: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.008
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20018
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001532
https://doi.org/10.1130/B25402.1
https://www.cell.com/current-b....iology/fulltext/S096
https://www.cell.com/current-b....iology/fulltext/S096
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/

You can check out Google's Science Journal app at https://makingscience.withgoog....le.com/science-journ

We traveled to Bozeman, Montana to meet with Dr. Ellen-Thérèse Lamm who explores ancient life by studying it at the cellular level. Kallie and Dr. Lamm discuss how she does this, and what she’s learned by putting dinosaur bones under a microscope.

Check out the Museum of the Rockies - Paleohistology Lab website: https://www.morhistologylab.org/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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We know a lot about dinosaurs but there’s one question that has plagued paleontologists for decades: what color were they? Go to http://squarespace.com/eons and use code “EONS” for 10% off your first order.

Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the Sinosauropteryx illustrations. You can find more of Julio's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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References:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01..../28/science/28dino.h
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/4/5
https://www.nature.com/nature/....journal/v463/n7284/f
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/327/5971/136
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/335/6073/121
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354675
http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/news/2012/05/12
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/m....elanosomes/melanin.h
http://news.yale.edu/2008/07/0....8/fossil-feathers-pr
http://www.nature.com/news/201....0/100127/full/news.2
https://www.coursera.org/learn..../dino101/lecture/LjS
http://news.yale.edu/2010/02/0....4/yale-scientists-fi
http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2016/09/dinosaur-wo

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Our new sticker is available here: https://store.dftba.com/collections/eons

And check out Tacos of Texas!: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLh_qdzak59m

Purgatorius, a kind of mammal called a plesiadapiform, might’ve been one of your earliest ancestors. But how did we get from a mouse-sized creature that looked more like a squirrel than a monkey -- to you, a member of Homo sapiens?

Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the Purgatorius reconstruction. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com

And thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
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References:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/clad/clad1.html
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/the-mole
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.amnh.org/explore/n....ews-blogs/news-posts
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics
http://users.tamuk.edu/kfjab02..../Biology/Mammalogy/s
https://askananthropologist.as....u.edu/stories/our-pr
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/fa....ctsheets/entry/black
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hominidae/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2012/08/generation-
https://www.eva.mpg.de/3chimps/files/apes.htm
https://www.nature.com/news/dn....a-mutation-clock-pro
http://www.pnas.org/content/112/5/1487
Collard, M., & Wood, B. (2013). Defining the genus Homo. Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol I: Principles, Methods and Approaches Vol II: Primate Evolution and Human Origins Vol III: Phylogeny of Hominids, 1-31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644563
http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/El....sArticle/refId-a0020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109469
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29342307
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1002/aj
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4964406
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10842
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/a....rticle-abstract/20/1
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6251/931
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28429568
https://www.annualreviews.org/....doi/abs/10.1146/annu
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/pdf/10.1002/ev
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/347/6228/135
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09094

Watch the Deep Time Hall livestream here:
https://www.facebook.com/EonsP....BS/videos/4245702917
You can set a reminder on that post to be notified when it goes live!

Don’t forget to check out When Whales Walked: Journeys in Deep Time: https://www.pbs.org/tpt/when-whales-walked/

As a scientific concept, evolution was revolutionary when it was first introduced. With the help of all three of our hosts and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s new Deep Time Hall, we’ll try to explain how evolution actually works and how we came to understand it.

This episode was written by Darcy Shapiro.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Alex Yan

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References:
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/cuvier.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitio....ns/darwin/a-trip-aro
http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/index1.htm
http://wallacefund.info/content/biography-wallace
http://wallacefund.info/conten....t/1858-darwin-wallac
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/gregor-m
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolu....tion/library/01/6/l_
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://phys.org/news/2018-08-....truth-darwin-moth.ht
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.wired.com/2010/09/florida-panthers/
Bowler, P. (2001). History of Evolutionary Ideas: The Modern Synthesis. ELS: Encyclopedia of the life sciences, 1-5.
Papavero, N., & Santos, C. F. M. D. (2014). Darwinian evolutionism? Contributions of Alfred Russel Wallace to the theory of evolution. Revista Brasileira de História, 34(67), 159-180.
https://www.biodiversitylibrar....y.org/page/2283958#p

Check out our other journeys through geologic time here :
https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLi6K9w_UbfF

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Over the first season of PBS Eons, we’ve explored the history of Earth from the very origins of life right up to the Cenozoic Era that we’re in now. To celebrate our first anniversary together, we’d like to answer some of your most frequently asked questions.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
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References:
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24679
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265553416_Semiaquatic_adaptations_in_a_giant_predatory_dinosaur?enrichId=rgreq-d298c20fbadcb0c1e9961c1c4f7d401f-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2NTU1MzQxNjtBUzoxNTgyODkzNTQ1Njc2ODBAMTQxNDc1MDUzMTMyNw%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
https://www.theatlantic.com/sc....ience/archive/2016/0
http://quaternary.stratigraphy.....org/workinggroups/a
http://www.igbp.net/download/1....8.316f18321323470177
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
http://www.pnas.org/content/pn....as/113/15/3908.full.