In which John Green talks about the many revolutions of Latin America in the 19th century. At the beginning of the 1800s, Latin America was firmly under the control of Spain and Portugal. The revolutionary zeal that had recently created the United States and had taken off Louis XVI's head in France arrived in South America, and a racially diverse group of people who felt more South American than European took over. John covers the soft revolution of Brazil, in which Prince Pedro boldly seized power from his father, but promised to give it back if King João ever returned to Brazil. He also covers the decidedly more violent revolutions in Mexico, Venezuela, and Argentina. Watch the video to see Simón Bolívar's dream of a United South America crushed, even as he manages to liberate a bunch of countries and get two currencies and about a thousand schools and parks named after him.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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As we approach the end of Crash Course Astronomy, it’s time now to acknowledge that our Universe’s days are numbered. Stars will die out after a few trillion years, protons will decay and matter will dissolve after a thousand trillion trillion trillion years, black holes will evaporate after 10^92 years, and then all will be dark. But there is still hope that a new Universe will be born from it.

Crash Course Astronomy Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Hawking Radiation Mechanism resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/....physics/Relativity/B
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/hawk.html
http://physics.stackexchange.c....om/questions/154647/

--

Table of Contents
The Universe’s Days Are Numbered 0:32
Stars Eventually Die Out 3:02
Protons Eventually Decay 5:04
Bye-Bye Black Holes After 10^92 Years 7:49
With Death Comes Life 12:04

--

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Hubble ACS SWEEPS Field http://hubblesite.org/gallery/....album/star/star_fiel [credit: NASA, ESA, W. Clarkson (Indiana University and UCLA), and K. Sahu (STScI)]
Flare http://www.nasa.gov/sites/defa....ult/files/thumbnails [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger]
Hubble Views Stellar Genesis in the Southern Pinwheel http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)]
White Dwarf http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia..../imagegallery/image_ [credit: NASA, ESA, H. Bond (STScI) and M. Barstow (University of Leicester)]
Neutron Star Illustrated https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Neutron_st [credit: NASA, Casey Reed - Penn State University]
Black Holes: Monsters in Space http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/nustar/multimedi [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech]
Binary Neutron Star Video https://nasaviz.gsfc.nasa.gov/....vis/a030000/a030500/ [credit: NASA]
Giant Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1316 in Fornax Cluster https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0024a/ [credit: ESO]
Proton Aurora http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=2 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
A Race Round a Black Hole http://www.nasa.gov/centers/go....ddard/universe/black [credit: NASA/Dana Berry, SkyWorks Digital]
The Big Bang http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA]
Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI)]
Galaxy http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap150614.html [credit: Subaru Telescope (NAOJ), Hubble Space Telescope, Robert Gendler]
One star, many stars (M13) http://www.deepskycolors.com/a....rchive/2011/05/04/on [credit: Rogelio Bernal Andreo]
Earth https://www.nasa.gov/content/g....oddard/earth-from-sp [credit: NASA's Earth Observatory]
Explosion video [credit: Shutterstock / Richard Finch]

In which John Green teaches you about World War I and how it got started. Crash Course doesn't usually talk much about dates, but the way that things unfolded in July and August of 1914 are kind of important to understanding the Great War. You'll learn about Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Pincep, the Black Hand, and why the Serbian nationalists wanted to kill the poor Archduke. You'll also learn who mobilized first and who exactly started the war. Sort of. Actually there's no good answer to who started the war, but we give it a shot anyway.

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

So what does perception even mean? What's the difference between seeing something and making sense of it? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us some insight into the differences between sensing and perceiving.
--
Table of Contents
Perceptual Set 01:53:15
Form Perception 03:44:17
Visual Cues 06:08:08
Depth Perception 05:39:12
--
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So, how many different kinds of intelligence are there? And what is the G-Factor? Eugenics? Have you ever taken an IQ Test? All of these things play into the fascinating and sometimes icky history of Intelligence Testing. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks us through some of the important aspects of that history... as well as Nazis. Hey, I said some of it was icky.

--
Table of Contents

Defining Intelligence 00:00:00
Types of Intelligence 01:22:09
G-Factor 01:37:05
Sherlock Holmes 04:44:12
Intelligence Testing 02:26:23
IQ Scores 08:00:21
Eugenics 07:47:05
Intelligence Controversy 09:05:17

--
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Phil takes us for a closer (eye safe!) look at the two-octillion ton star that rules our solar system. We look at the sun's core, plasma, magnetic fields, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and what all of that means for our planet.

This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

The Sun is a Star 1:28
Plasma's Magnetic Fields 6:11
Sunspots, Solar Flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections 7:09
How the Earth Reacts 9:18

--

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--

PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS
Hubble extrasolar planet search field in Sagittarius: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0612d/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Sahu (STScI) and the SWEEPS science team]
The Sun: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/defa....ult/files/images/499 [credit: SDO/HMI]
The Sun: http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfro....nt.net/wp-content/up [credit: NASA/SDO/AIA]
Earth: http://www.nasa.gov/content/go....ddard/earth-from-spa [credit: NASA's Earth Observatory]
Fusion in the Sun: http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Fusioninthe [credit: Borb]
Empire State Building: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E....mpire_State_Building
Sun Structure: https://www.flickr.com/photos/....11304375@N07/2819311
Photospheric granulation: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.....gov/images/granules.
Corona: http://philhart.smugmug.com/Su....n/Queensland-Solar-E [credit: Phil Hart]
"Magnet0873" by Newton Henry Black - Newton Henry Black, Harvey N. Davis (1913) Practical Physics, The MacMillan Co., USA, p. 242, fig. 200. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Magnet0873.
Strange Days On The Sun: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Images courtesy of NASA/SDO]
Under the Sunspots: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=2 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
Raining Loops: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....010000/a011100/a0111 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO]
Coronal Mass Ejection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_xYcMQe5KA [credit: NASA]
Aurora: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-BicSV9RAw
Soloar Close-ups: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=4 [credit: NASA]

The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: In which John Green teaches you about the so-called Silk Road, a network of trade routes where goods such as ivory, silver, iron, wine, and yes, silk were exchanged across the ancient world, from China to the West. Along with all these consumer goods, things like disease and ideas made the trip as well. As is his custom, John ties the Silk Road to modern life, and the ways that we get our stuff today.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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Resources:

Life Along the Silk Road by Susan Whitfield: http://dft.ba/-lifesilk

The Silk Road: 2000 Years in the Heart of Asia: http://dft.ba/-2000years

Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

Hank talks about population genetics, which helps to explain the evolution of populations over time by combing the principles of Mendel and Darwin, and by means of the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css

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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2HbN

Table of Contents:

1. Population Genetics 1:05
2. Population 1:14
3. Allele Frequency 1:41
4. 5 Factors 1:58
a) Natural Selection 2:12
b) Natural Selection/Random Mating 2:27
c) Mutation 3:18
d) Genetic Drift 3:49
e) Gene Flow 4:05

5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle 4:45
6. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 5:15
7. Hardy-Weinberg Equation 6:18

gregor mendel, heredity, genetics, charles darwin, natural selection, evolution, offspring, population genetics, species, population, generation, allele frequency, allele, selective pressure, sexual selection, non-random mating, preferred traits, fitness, mutation, DNA, genetic drift, chance, gene flow, immigration, emigration, godfrey hardy, wilhelm weinberg, hardy-weinberg equation, hardy-weinberg equilibrium, phenotype, genotype, earwax, mendelian trait, homozygous, heterozygous, evolutionary biology

This video contains the following sound from Freesound.org:

"LucasGonze-HomestyleMandolin-17.aiff" by lucasgonze Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Hank introduces us to the "simplest" of the animals, complexity-wise: beginning with sponges (whose very inclusion in the list as "animals" has been called into question because they are so simple) and finishing with the most complex molluscs, octopuses and squid. We differentiate them by the number of tissue layers they have, and by the complexity of those layers.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css

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Table of Contents:
1) Porifera 1:33
2) Cnidaria 2:36
a) Diploblasts 2:48
3) Platyhelminthes 3:33
a) Triploblasts 3:56
b) Coelom 4:36
4) Biolography 5:36
5) Nematoda 7:26
6) Rotifera 7:57
7) Molusca 8:33

References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2V_c

crash course, biology, anatomy, animal, simple, complex, tissue complexity, tissue, sponge, development, porifera, multicellular, eukaryotic, eukaryote, species, cnidaria, jellies, anemone, hydra, coral, germ layer, body cavity, endoderm, ecotoderm, dipoloblast, stinging cell, cnidocyst, platyhelminthes, fluke, triploblast, coelom, acoelomate, biolography, cambrian explosion, adaptation, fossil, evolution, diversity, nematoda, pseudocoelomate, hookworm, rotifera, mollusca, chitin, snail, bivalve, octopus, squid, visceral mass, foot, mantle, radula, gastropod, cephalopod Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

***

So, what do Batman and J.R.R. Tolkien have in common? Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It used to be called "Shellshock" and it can be really really really destructive. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank lays out the low down on PTSD and how trauma can affect the brain. Plus, a look at how addiction can play into trauma and the different types of treatments used to help those afflicted.

--
Table of Contents:

PTSD: Causes and Symptoms 01:57:18
How Trauma Can Affect the Brain 05:12:09
Addiction 07:08:18
Trauma and Addiction 07:41:17
Dual Treatment Model 08:24:07
Post-Traumatic Growth 06:31:00
The Wise Frodo Baggins 00:00

--
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In which John Green teaches you about European Imperialism in the 19th century. European powers started to create colonial empires way back in the 16th century, but businesses really took off in the 19th century, especially in Asia and Africa. During the 1800s, European powers carved out spheres of influence in China, India, and pretty much all of Africa. While all of the major (and some minor) powers in Europe participated in this new imperialism, England was by far the most dominant, once able to claim that the "sun never set on the British Empire." Also, they went to war for the right to continue to sell opium to the people of China. Twice. John will teach you how these empires managed to leverage the advances of the Industrial Revolution to build vast, wealth-generating empires. As it turns out, improved medicine, steam engines, and better guns were crucial in the 19th century conquests. Also, the willingness to exploit and abuse the people and resources of so-called "primitive" nations was very helpful in the whole enterprise.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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This week Jacob and Adriene teach you about marginal analysis, which you're using RIGHT NOW! The video is coming from inside the house! Or something. You'll learn how marginal analysis guides the decision making if cities, nations, companies, and amusement park enthusiasts. We'll also look at the idea of elasticity, and what people are willing to pay for certain stuff based on the supply. Why is a Van Gogh worth more than an OBEY poster? (hint: it's because they're still cranking out the OBEY posters, and Vincent is dead) All this and more on Crash Course Economics!

***

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

--

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Today we’re talking about our galactic neighborhood: The Milky Way. It’s a disk galaxy, a collection of dust, gas, and hundreds of billions of stars, with the Sun located about halfway out from the center. The disk has grand spiral patterns in it, formed by the traffic jams of stars and nebulae, where stars are born. The central region is shaped like a bar, and is mostly old, red stars. There’s also a halo surrounding us of old stars.

Crash Course Astronomy Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron

--

Table of Contents
Milky Way Is A Disc 2:54
Grand Spiral Patterns 4:21
The Central Region Is Bar Shaped 7:48
Outer Halo Of Old Stars 9:09

--

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--

PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Milky Way, Artist’s Drawing http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/spitzer/multimed [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech]
Joshua Tree http://deepskycolors.com/astro..../2013/04/2013-04_Jos [credit: Rogelio Bernal Andreo]
Milky Way Center Region Mosaic http://sguisard.astrosurf.com/Pagim/GC.html [credit: ESO]
New Hubble image of star cluster Messier 15 http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1321a/ [credit: NASA, ESA]
Artist’s impression of the Milky Way http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hubblecast70b [credit: ESA/Hubble and M. Kornmesser]
M83 (Hubble Only and Hubble-Subaru-ESO Composite) http://www.robgendlerastropics.....com/M83-New-HST.htm [credit: Robert Gendler, 8.2 Meter Subaru Telescope (NAOJ), European Southern Observatories, Hubble Legacy Archive]
Hubble's Largest Galaxy Portrait Offers a New High-Definition View http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Kuntz (JHU), F. Bresolin (University of Hawaii), J. Trauger (Jet Propulsion Lab), J. Mould (NOAO), Y.-H. Chu (University of Illinois, Urbana), and STScI]
NGC 3344 http://skycenter.arizona.edu/g....allery/Galaxies/NGC3 [credit: Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona]
Annotated Milky Way http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images..../wise/20150603/spitz [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech]
Black hole with corona, X-ray source (artist's concept) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Black_hole#/media/Fi [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech]
A Galaxy and its Halo http://www.esa.int/spaceinimag....es/Images/2008/06/A_ [credit: ESA (image by C. Carreau)]
How to Become a Star http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0102a/ [credit: ESO]

In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the United States Congress, and why it's bicameral, and what bicameral means. Craig tells you what the Senate and House of Representatives are for, some of the history of the institutions, and reveal to you just how you can become a representative. It's not that easy. But an eagle gets punched, so there's that.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

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So, who was this Presocrates guy? Just kidding!
Long ago, some philosophers worked very hard to separate myths from what they actually knew about nature.
Thales theorized that everything in the world is made of water. Pythagoras was a mathematical-mystical vegetarian. And Democritus, we all know and love as the Atom Guy…
Meet the Presocratics!

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
--

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In which John relates a condensed history of India, post-Indus Valley Civilization. John explores Hinduism and the origins of Buddhism. He also gets into the reign of Ashoka, the Buddhist emperor who, in spite of Buddhism's structural disapproval of violence, managed to win a bunch of battles.

Resources:

Awesome comic book about Ashoka by Anant Pai: http://dft.ba/-ashoka He did a huge series of comics about Indian history and religion: http://dft.ba/-AnantPai

India: A History by John Keay: http://dft.ba/-IndiaHistory

The Bhagavad Gita: http://dft.ba/-gita

The Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads, and Rig Veda, all-in-one edition: http://dft.ba/-India

Credits:

Executive Producer: John Green
Producer: Stan Muller
Writer and historian: Raoul Meyer
Script Supervisor: Danica Johnson
Music: Jason Weidner

Thought Bubble is a product of the Smart Bubble Society: http://dft.ba/-smartbubble
the Smart Bubble Society is:
Suzanna Brusikiewicz
Jonathon Corbiere
Nick Counter
Allan Levy
James Tuer
Adam Winnik

Set Design: Donna Sink
Props: Brian McCutcheon

Photos:

David Shankbone

ClipWorks

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict.(hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from reins white guys, and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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This episode of Crash Course Physics is supported by Prudential. Go to www.raceforretirement.com to learn how, if you start saving today, you can continue to enjoy the things you love tomorrow.

So we've all heard of relativity, right? But... what is relativity? And how does it relate to light? And motion? In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about perspective, observation, and how relativity is REALLY weird!


Want more Crash Course in person? We'll be at NerdCon: Nerdfighteria in Boston on February 25th and 26th! For more information, go to http://www.nerdconnerdfighteria.com/

***

Get your own Crash Course Physics mug from DFTBA: http://store.dftba.com/products/crash...

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Hank takes you on a tour of your two-part autonomic nervous system. This episode explains how your sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system work together as foils, balancing each other out. Their key anatomical differences - where nerve fibers originate and where their ganglia are located - drive their distinct anatomical functions, making your sympathetic nervous system the "fight or flight" while your parasympathetic nervous system is for "resting and digesting."

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Table of Contents
The Basic Two-Part System of the Autonomic Nervous System 0:48
Sympathetic Nervous System 2:33
Parasympathetic Nervous System 2:54
Their Nerve Fibers Originate in Different Parts of the Body 3:22
Sympathetic Ganglia Are Close to the Spinal Cord 4:36
Parasympathetic Ganglia Are Close to Their Effectors 4:59


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Gases are everywhere, and this is good news and bad news for chemists. The good news: when they are behaving themselves, it's extremely easy to describe their behavior theoretically, experimentally and mathematically. The bad news is they almost never behave themselves.
In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank tells how the work of some amazing thinkers combined to produce the Ideal Gas Law, how none of those people were Robert Boyle, and how the ideal gas equation allows you to find out pressure, volume, temperature or number of moles. You'll also get a quick introduction to a few jargon-y phrases to help you sound like you know what you're talking about.

Table of Contents
Ideal Gas Law Equation 0:50
Everyone But Robert Boyle 1:35
Ideal Gas Law to Figure Out Things 6:16
Jargon Fun Time 7:46

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