In which John Green kicks off the Crash Course Literature mini series with a reasonable set of questions. Why do we read? What's the point of reading critically. John will argue that reading is about effectively communicating with other people. Unlike a direct communication though, the writer has to communicate with a stranger, through time and space, with only "dry dead words on a page." So how's that going to work? Find out with Crash Course Literature! Also, readers are empowered during the open letter, so that's pretty cool.

The Reading List!

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare: http://dft.ba/-shakespearerj

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald: http://dft.ba/-fitzgeraldgg

Catcher in the Rye: http://dft.ba/-catcher

Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson: http://dft.ba/-dickinson

Some of these are available from gutenberg.org as free ebooks. You should check that out.

Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@thoughtbubbler
@saysdanica

Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

***
Why do people do bad things? Is it because of the situation or who they are at their core? In this week's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank works to shed a little light on the ideas of Situation vs. Personality. Oh, and we'll have a look at the Stanford Prison Experiment... It's alarming.

If you are currently in need of help: http://www.mentalhealth.gov/get-help/

--
Table of Contents:

Social Psychology 01:29
Fundamental Attribution Error 02:04
Dual-Process Theory of Persuasion 03:18
Foot-In-The-Door Phenomenon 04:35
Stanford Prison Experiment 05:12
Cognitive Dissonance 8:08

--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

In which John Green teaches you about Harper Lee's famous (and only) novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. John will cover a bit about Harper Lee's personal life, (seeing as this novel has some autobiographical elements) and her long association with Truman Capote, who figures as a character in the book. You'll get an overview of the plot, and we'll talk a bit about Mockingbird as an example of bildungsroman (again(man, this description is heavy on parentheses)) and Southern Gothic, and look into the novel as a commentary on the racism and patriarchy of the Alabama in which Harper Lee grew up.

Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css

Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse

References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2DnD

Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba
"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura
"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by Luftrum

biology, speciation, science, species, evolution, homo sapiens, organism, liger, napoleon dynamite, fertile, sterile, hybrid, hybridization, reproductive isolation, genetic isolation, pre-zygotic isolation, behavior, geographic, allopatric speciation, natural selection, galapagos, finch, artificial selection, corgi, greyhound, puppy, dog Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! Visit http://dft.ba/-CCWHDVD to buy a set for your home or classroom.

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

In which John Green teaches you about World War 2, as it was lived on the home front. You'll learn about how the war changed the country as a whole, and changed how Americans thought about their country. John talks about the government control of war production, and how the war probably helped to end the Great Depression. A broader implementation of the income tax, the growth of large corporations, and the development of the West Coast as a manufacturing center were also results of the war. The war positivelychanged the roles of women and African Americans, but it was pretty terrible for the Japanese Americans who were interred in camps. In short, World War II changed America's role in the world, changed American life at home, and eventually spawned the History Channel.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. At home in America, everyone joined in the war effort, with everyone contributing to American industry: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/how-american-indus
But America had its fair share of shame, such as when the country turned away Jewish refugees on the St. Louis who would die in the Holocaust: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/jewish-refugees-on
During World War II, there was also a painful period of Japanese relocation and internment throughout the country: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/japanese-relocatio

Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@crashcoursestan
@raoulmeyer
@bra8dybrunch

In which John Green teaches you about Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein. Sure, you know Frankenstein the cultural phenomenon, but how much do you know about the novel that started it all? You'll learn about the Romantic movement in English lit, of which Frankenstein is a GREAT example, and you'll learn that Frankenstein might just be the first SciFi novel. Once again, literature comes down to just what it means to be human. John will review the plot, and take you through a couple of different critical readings of the novel, and will discuss the final disposition of Percy Shelley's heart.

2,000 Years of Chinese History! The Mandate of Heaven and Confucius:
Crash Course World History #7

In which John introduces you to quite a lot of Chinese history by
discussing the complicated relationship between the Confucian scholars
who wrote Chinese history and the emperors (and empress) who made it.
Included is a brief introduction to all the dynasties in Chinese
history and an introduction to Confucius and the Confucian emphasis on
filial piety, the role the mandate of heaven played in organizing
China, and how China became the first modern state.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@saysdanica
@thoughtbubbler

Like us! ‪http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow us again! ‪http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

I'm sure you've heard of Pavlov's Bell (and I'm not talking about the Aimee Mann song), but what was Ivan Pavlov up to, exactly? And how are our brains trained? And what is a "Skinner Box"? All those questions and more are answered in today's Crash Course Psychology, in which Hank talks about some of the aspects of learning.

--
Table of Contents

Associative Learning 01:33:17
Behaviorist Theory 04:32:05
Classical and Operant Conditioning 03:47:01
Positive and Negative Reinforcement 07:18:22
Reinforcement Scheduling 09:32:02

--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Crash Course A&P Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom

Table of Contents
Adaptive Immune System's Humoral Response 1:19
How B Cells Mature, Identify Antigens, and Make Antibodies 2:42
How Antibodies Warm Pathogens and Mark Them for Death 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Why do people buy the stuff they buy? In classical economics, most models assume that consumers behave rationally. As you've probably noticed in your real life, in case after case, people don't actually make rational decisions. There can be emotional or social reasons for all this irrationality, and behavioral economics tries to address this. We'll talk about risk, nudge theory, prices and perception, and the ultimatum game. So, let's get irrational, in a logical way, of course.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This week we explore final ethical theory in this unit: Aristotle’s virtue theory. Hank explains the Golden Mean, and how it exists as the midpoint between vices of excess and deficiency. We’ll also discuss moral exemplars, and introduce the concept of “eudaimonia.”


Get your own Crash Course Philosophy mug or Chom Chom shirt from DFTBA: https://store.dftba.com/collections/crashcourse


The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO


--




Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios


Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse


--


Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC...
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse


CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. Not to get all great man, but Martin Luther changed all that. Martin Luther didn't like the corruption he saw in the church, especially the sale of indulgences, so he left the church and started his own. And it caught on! And it really did kind of change the world. The changes increased literacy and education, and some even say the Protestant Reformation was the beginning of Capitalism in Europe.

Get the new Crash Course World History Character poster here: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-charac

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

This week on Crash Course Economics, we're talking about monetary policy. The reality of the world is that the United States (and most of the world's economies) are, to varying degrees, Keynesian. When things go wrong, economically, the central bank of the country intervenes to try aand get things back on track. In the United States, the Federal Reserve is the organization that steps in to use monetary policy to steer the economy. When the Fed, as it's called, does step in, there are a few different tacks it can take. The Fed can change interest rates, or it can change the money supply. This is pretty interesting stuff, and it's what we're getting into today.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson

--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

***Subbable Message***

To Robert,
Thank you for showing me the world, darling!
From Amy

and

That's happiness; to be dissolved into something complete and great.
From Ty Scaletta

******

Even if you're Mel Gibson or Kanye, it's probably best to not wear all of your emotions on your sleeve. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about these things called "Emotions". What are they? And why do we need them?

--
Table of Contents:

Emotions 00:54:22
Theories on Emotions 02:10:20
Cognition & Emotion 03:35:17
The Autonomic Nervous System 07:39:11
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T

Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2hCl

1:41 link to Biological Molecules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Today we are introducing a new area of philosophy – philosophy of religion. We are starting this unit off with Anselm’s argument for God’s existence, while also considering objections to that argument.

--

“That’s a Neigh” David Goehring https://www.flickr.com/photos/carbonnyc/8757020626
All other images via Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Crash Course Philosophy is sponsored by Squarespace.
http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashC...
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

In which John Green teaches you about Kurt Vonnegut's most famous novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. Vonnegut wrote the book in the Vietnam era, and it closely mirrors his personal experiences in World War II, as long as you throw out the time travel and aliens and porn stars and stuff. Slaughterhouse-Five tells the story of Billy Pilgrim, a World War II veteran who was a prisoner of war, and survived the Battle of the Bulge and the fire-bombing of Dresden, goes home after the war, and has trouble adapting to civilian life (this is the part that's like Vonnegut's own experience). Billy Pilgrim has flashbacks to the war that he interprets as being "unstuck in time." He believes he's been abducted by aliens, and pretty much loses it. You'll learn a little about Vonnegut's life, quite a bit about Dresden, and probably more than you'd like about barbershop quartets as a metaphor for post traumatic stress.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! Visit http://dft.ba/-CCWHDVD to buy a set for your home or classroom.

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War as it unfolded in Asia. As John pointed out last week, the Cold War was occasionally hot, and a lot of that heat was generated in Asia. This is starting to sound weird with the hot/cold thing, so let's just say that the United States struggle against communist expansion escalated to full-blown, boots on the ground war in Korea and Vietnam. In both of these cases, the United States sent soldiers to intervene in civil wars that it looked like communists might win. That's a bit of a simplification, but John will explain it all to you.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. While The Vietnam War was happening very far away from home, it had a major impact on American soldiers and civilians: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/introduction-to-th

Americans with televisions had the war broadcasted right into their living rooms, leading to an immense Vietnam War resistance effort: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/resistance-to-the-

Subbable Message! Patreon subscribers can choose a message in the video info as their perk. Here's this week's:
To Ellen, from Charles: I love you, you are the best. Arrr.

Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@crashcoursestan
@raoulmeyer

In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300.

Resources:

The Histories of Herodotus: http://goo.gl/I1TM9u

Plato: http://goo.gl/GEcfWX

Plays of Aristophanes: http://goo.gl/xzb9Ff

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@saysdanica
@thoughtbubbler

Like us! ‪http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow us again! ‪http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Hank talks about the molecules that make up every living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - and how we find them in our environment and in the food that we eat.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD!
http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T

Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse

Resources for this episode in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-citations2


TAGS: biological molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, food, biolography, william prout, urea, energy, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, disaccharides, sucrose, polysaccharides, simple sugars, cellulose, starch, glycogen, glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, enzymes, antibodies, hormones, amino acids, nitrogen, polypeptides, protein synthesis, biology, molecule, crashcourse, hank green Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse