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For more than 10 million years, Megalodon was at the top of its game as the oceans’ apex predator...until 2.6 million years ago, when it went extinct. So, what happened to the largest shark in history?
Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/
And thanks to Joschua Knüppe and Studio 252mya for the illustration of Piscobalaena. You can find more of Joschua's work here: https://www.deviantart.com/hyrotrioskjan
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, سلطان الخليفي, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://www.researchgate.net/p....rofile/John_Barron3/
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/312500230
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27381883
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754903
http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/si....tes/default/files/ar
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27620830
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/full/10.1111/j
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09067
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/327/5968/993
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2813
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/233681377
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042397/00001
Insects were the first animals to ever develop the ability to fly, and, arguably, they did it the best. But this development was so unusual that scientists are still/working on, and arguing about, how and when insect wings first came about.
Special thanks to Franz Anthony for the beautiful insect reconstructions. You can see more of Franz's tremendous work at http://252mya.com
Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution:
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6210/763
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll
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References:
https://www.cell.com/current-b....iology/pdf/S0960-982
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12629
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6210/763
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/349/6247/487
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/0....3/26/science/insect-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://phys.org/news/2012-08-....humble-bug-gap-fossi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426326/
https://livingwithinsects.word....press.com/2014/09/04
https://www.cell.com/current-b....iology/pdf/S0960-982
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC54529
https://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/collembolan.htm
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/the-mole
Camels are famous for adaptations that have allowed them to flourish where most other large mammals would perish. But their story begins over 40 million years ago in North America, and in an environment you’d never expect: a rainforest.
Special thanks to Julio Lacerda, WillemSvdMerwe, and Ryan Somma for allowing us to use their images in this episode!
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1304168.pdf
https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/1979
https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RgojcDyWYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=camel&f=false
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/full/10.1111/j
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524199
https://books.google.com/books?id=DWtCw6-AxA8C&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=camel&source=bl&ots=gUrNWj3psO&sig=YpvjEov5zpTUcSbrZFfDkoTrhFo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_5siqvJreAhVMIDQIHSkpCaEQ6AEwC3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=camel&f=false
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=NGFaAAAAYAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA110
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007/s12052-0
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.o....rg/966f/07eaaa19190b
http://www.pnas.org/content/pn....as/early/2015/03/18/
https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42514&is_real_user=1
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In 1993, scientists cracked open a piece of amber, took out the body of an ancient weevil, and sampled its DNA. Or, at least, so we thought. It took another few decades of research, and a lot of take-backs, before scientists could figure out how we could truly unlock the genetic secrets of the past.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28486705
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/17
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https://pubs.geoscienceworld.o....rg/gsa/geology/artic
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https://www.nature.com/articles/363536a0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC26949
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Paleontologists have been studying and drawing totally different conclusions about the fossil LH PV18 for almost a decade. Is it just one of many specimens of a theropod called Tarbosaurus bataar or is it an entirely different theropod named Raptorex kriegsteini? In order to answer this question, you have to understand the many ways in which we can--and can’t--determine the age of a fossil.
Thanks to Gregory S. Paul for allowing us to use his illustrations in this video. Check out his website here: http://gspauldino.com/
And thanks as always to Nobu Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://www.radiocarbon.com/ab....out-carbon-dating.ht
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep20252
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/288175395
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/j.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1360/02tb9031
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/326/5951/418
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3515101
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Learn more about Hack the Moon at https://wehackthemoon.com
Check out Reactions’s Summer of Space video on the Northern Lights! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8S_LPFOa-zs
Throughout the Pleistocene Epoch, the range of the woolly rhino grew and shrank in sync with global climate. So what caused the climate -- and the range of the woolly rhino -- to cycle back and forth between such extremes?
Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the excellent Woolly Rhino illustration. You can find more of Julio's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/10.1111/j.1502
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08024
https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/349/6248/60
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11493
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
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https://science.sciencemag.org..../content/255/5044/56
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http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AGM....18.SC12D
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/ar5/srorbpar.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/abs/
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/285683499
http://biocycle.atmos.colostat....e.edu/shiny/Milankov
http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/Co....urses/5225/ency/Chap
Markovic, A. "Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1803) from Pleistocene of Serbia." Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of Belgrade (A) 47 (1998): 217-237.
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Insects outnumber humans by a lot and we only like to think we're in charge because we're bigger than they are. But insects and other arthropods weren’t always so small. About 315 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period, they were not only abundant: they were enormous.
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Thanks to Lucas Lima, and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of Lucas's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/lucas-lima
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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References:
http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/news/2011/08/11
http://journals.plos.org/ploso....ne/article?id=10.137
https://www.wired.com/2010/11/....huge-dragonflies-oxy
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/277
http://bionumbers.hms.harvard.....edu/bionumber.aspx?i
https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/giant-insects.html
https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedi....a_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bu
http://www.pnas.org/content/96/20/10955.full
https://www.nap.edu/read/11630/chapter/8#117
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The ancestors of modern horses became so successful that they spread all over the world, to Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. But in their native range of North America, they’ll vanish for 10,000 years. Until another strange mammal brings them back.
The illustration of Equus Simplicidens--also known as the Hagerman Horse--is by Roger Hall. You can check out more of Roger's work at http://InkArt.net
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Kelby Reid, Steph Summerfield, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan
If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!
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References:
Fossil Horses by Bruce J. MacFadden
http://www.ajsonline.org/conte....nt/s3-12/71/401.extr
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4....522989?seq=1#page_sc
http://chem.tufts.edu/science/....evolution/horseevolu
https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fhc/firstCM.htm
https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007/s12052-0
https://www.nationalgeographic.....com/adventure/featu
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.palass.org/publica....tions/palaeontology-
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02098
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http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1476//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B022a22.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://projects.iq.harvard.ed....u/spierce/news/going
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geo....scientist/Archive/Ju
http://facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccal....l/Evolution%20of%20t
Check out Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12f
420 million years ago, some fish were more medieval. They wore armor, sometimes made of big plates, and sometimes made of interlocking scales. But that armor may actually have served a totally different purpose, one that many animals still use today.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll
If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!
Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
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References:
Sim, Min Sub, Shuhei Ono, and Matthew T. Hurtgen. "Sulfur isotope evidence for low and fluctuating sulfate levels in the Late Devonian ocean and the potential link with the mass extinction event." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 419 (2015): 52-62.
Sallan, Lauren, and Andrew K. Galimberti. "Body-size reduction in vertebrates following the end-Devonian mass extinction." Science 350.6262 (2015): 812-815.
Afanassieva, O. B. "On the growth and regeneration of the exoskeleton in early jawless vertebrates (Osteostraci, Agnatha)." Doklady Biological Sciences. Vol. 466. No. 1. Pleiades Publishing, 2016.
Anderson, Philip SL, and Mark W. Westneat. "Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator." Biology Letters 3.1 (2007): 77-80. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/3/1
Arsenault, Marius, et al. "New data on the soft tissues and external morphology of the antiarch Bothriolepis canadensis (Whiteaves, 1880), from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Quebec." Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München (2004): 439-454. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/wp-....content/uploads/2015
Brazeau, Martin D., and Matt Friedman. "The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates." Nature 520.7548 (2015): 490.
Brett, Carlton E., and Sally E. Walker. "Predators and predation in Paleozoic marine environments." The Paleontological Society Papers 8 (2002): 93-118. https://www.cambridge.org/core..../journals/the-paleon
Carr, ROBERT K. "Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)." KirtlandIa, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History 57 (2010): 36-55.
Carr, Robert, K. "Placoderm diversity and evolution." Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle: Sciences de la terre, paléontologie, géologie, minéralogie. Section C 17 (1995): 85. https://www.researchgate.net/p....rofile/Robert_Carr2/
Chevrinais, Marion, Claire Jacquet, and Richard Cloutier. "Early establishment of vertebrate trophic interactions: Food web structure in Middle to Late Devonian fish assemblages with exceptional fossilization." Bulletin of Geosciences 92.4 (2017): 491-510.
De Vleeschouwer, David, et al. "Timing and pacing of the Late Devonian mass extinction event regulated by eccentricity and obliquity." Nature communications 8.1 (2017): 2268. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02407-1
Denison, Robert H. "The soft anatomy of Bothriolepis." Journal of Paleontology (1941): 553-561. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1298812
Doherty, Alison H., Cameron K. Ghalambor, and Seth W. Donahue. "Evolutionary physiology of bone: bone metabolism in changing environments." Physiology 30.1 (2015): 17-29.
Donoghue, Philip CJ, and Ivan J. Sansom. "Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization." Microscopy research and technique 59.5 (2002): 352-372.
Giles, Sam, Matt Friedman, and Martin D. Brazeau. "Osteichthyan-like cranial conditions in an Early Devonian stem gnathostome." Nature 520.7545 (2015): 82. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14065
We've hit YouTube's description character limit so you can find all references we used in this video here: https://pastebin.com/raw/XkhEwmyU
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In 1800s, miners began working in exposed deposits of mud near the town of Messel, Germany. They were extracting oil from the rock and along with the oil, they found beautifully preserved fossils of animals from the Eocene. What happened to these Eocene animals? And why were their remains so exquisitely preserved?
Two additional notes!
-At 00:56, we incorrectly labelled a Darwinius fossil as Thaumaturus. Thaumaturus was a fish and the fossil we show is definitely not a fish.
-Also, an additional image credit is required: Dmitry Bogdanov illustrated the fish we used to show scavengers.
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References:
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The California condor is the biggest flying bird in North America, a title that it has held since the Late Pleistocene Epoch. It's just one example of an organism that we share the planet with today that seems lost in time, out of place in our world.
Thanks as always to Studio 252mya for their wonderful paleoart. You can check out more of their work here: https://252mya.com
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, XULIN GE, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi, Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References: https://bit.ly/2HdL2V7
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The best evidence we have suggests that, while Caviomorpha originated in South America, they came from ancestors in Africa, over 40 million years ago. So how did they get there?
This episode was written by Genevieve Perdue.
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the Josephoartigasia monesi reconstruction. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
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The story of sloths is one of astounding ecological variability, with some foraging in the seas, others living underground, and others still hiding from predators in towering cliffs. So why are their only living relatives in the trees?
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for allowing us to use few sloth reconstructions! Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com
And thanks as always to Franz Anthony and everyone at http://252mya.com for their great paleoart.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007/s10722-0
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Check out Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF
Today, our closest evolutionary relatives, the apes, live only in small pockets of Africa and Asia. But back in the Miocene epoch, apes occupied all of Europe. Why aren’t there wild apes in Europe today?
Special thanks to https://AfricanFossils.org for allowing us to use their images of Proconsul and Ekembo fossils.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, سلطان الخليفي, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://anthropology.utoronto.....ca/Faculty/Begun/beg
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Not too long ago, our early human ancestors were under constant threat of attack from predators. And it turns out that this difficult chapter in our history may be responsible for the adaptations that allowed us to become so successful.
Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the illustrations of the Taung Child. You can find more of Julio's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان , Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!
Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
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References:
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
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Berger, L. R., & McGraw, W. S. (2007). Further evidence for eagle predation of, and feeding damage on, the Taung child. South African Journal of Science, 103(11-12), 496-498.
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Hart, D. (2018). Man the hunted: Primates, predators, and human evolution. Routledge.
Hart, D., & Sussman, R. W. (2011). The influence of predation on primate and early human evolution: impetus for cooperation. In Origins of Altruism and Cooperation (pp. 19-40). Springer, New York, NY.
Njau, J. K., & Blumenschine, R. J. (2006). A diagnosis of crocodile feeding traces on larger mammal bone, with fossil examples from the Plio-Pleistocene Olduvai Basin, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution, 50(2), 142-162.
Njau, J. K., & Blumenschine, R. J. (2012). Crocodylian and mammalian carnivore feeding traces on hominid fossils from FLK 22 and FLK NN 3, Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of human evolution, 63(2), 408-417.
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Tobias, P. V. (1990). When and by whom was the Taung skull discovered. Para conocer al hombre: homenaje a Santiago Genovése. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonoma da Mexico, 207-213.
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