This is not a Game of Thrones fan fiction episode. Dire wolves were real! And thousands of them died in the same spot in California. Their remains have taught us volumes about how they lived, hunted, died and way more about any animal’s sex life than you’d ever want to know.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

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References:
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/314984082
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1002/10
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70046371
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5999
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/283
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/11/4191
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524203
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524553
https://zslpublications.online....library.wiley.com/do
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/10.1111/jeb.12
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/282253545
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0131
https://nhm.org/site/sites/def....ault/files/pdf/contr
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/j.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4096974
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18957359

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

The Moon might be much bigger than you think it is.

Moon May! One video about cool moon stuff every Mo(o)nday in May. Next: Mars' strange Moons!

Videos, explaining things. Like evolution, time, space, global energy or our existence in this strange universe.
We are a team of designers, journalists and musicians who want to make science look beautiful. Because it is beautiful.

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How big is the moon really?

Help us caption & translate this video!

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We're back in Bozeman, Montana this week talking to Amy Atwater, Collections Manager at the Museum of the Rockies. MOR has among the largest collections of North American dinosaurs in the United States. We talk to Amy about her job and the collection she manages.

Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart : http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Athair ar neamh by Enya performed by Swiss new age group Bandari (instrumental)
I love this song in any version

Sources:

Terrorist surveillance program:
Original press release:
http://1.usa.gov/1p0lZXT

Assessment of potential effect of surveillance measures if implemented before 9/11:
Interview with FBI director Robert Mueller:
http://bit.ly/1MvHNpB


FBI investigations of immigrants:
"NSEERS effect" report:
http://bit.ly/1qU8Wcu

Quote on aggressive racial profiling:
Article "Are we safer?" by David Cole, Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center:
http://bit.ly/1Sc8tLo


Extent of NSA surveillance:
NSA power point slides on collecting buddy lists, obtained by Washington Post:
http://wapo.st/1cWi0SM

NSA slides on prism data collection, obtained by The Guardian:
http://bit.ly/1qmj46r


NSA results from mass surveillance vs. target surveillance:

Report from the Presidents NSA Review group 2013 (recommending to stop mass data mining because of lack of results):
http://1.usa.gov/1bK0q7x

Article from ProPublica:
http://bit.ly/1PAusfR

Analysis from the New America Foundation:
http://bit.ly/1SSq8ea

Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World by Bruce Schneier


Surveillance program didn`t stop any major attacks:

Full video of court hearing with NSA director Keith B. Alexander on surveillance:
http://cs.pn/1Yv1G0N

Official report on results of phone surveillance policy:
http://1.usa.gov/1bK0q7x

Article on debunked claims:
http://bit.ly/1p0n2ae

Official judge ruling on matter points to no evidence:
https://www.propublica.org/doc....uments/item/902454-j

Report by the legal affairs and human rights committee of the parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe:
http://bit.ly/1qr9aXC


Boston marathon bomber was known to FBI:
Official press release:
http://1.usa.gov/1Vrw4vI

FBI asked Apple for help:
Official court order:
http://bit.ly/24auFf6


Apple`s refusal to crack iPhone:
Official public statement:
http://apple.co/1Lt7ReW

Objections against FBI demands from cryptographers:
Brad Smith keynote at the RSA information security conference:
http://bit.ly/1Vrwd1Y
(especially relevant from minute 7 on)

Statement by Information Technology Industry Council:
http://bit.ly/1Q9cg7N

Amicus briefs supporting Apple:
http://apple.co/1OSBypU


FBI changing their story about needing Apple`s help:
Initial article on Washington Post:
http://wapo.st/1KqHIT7

Initial story on Reutersblog:
http://reut.rs/1SCl73o

Update on Reuters:
http://reut.rs/1NdTJae

Article on ACLU about possible work-around:
http://bit.ly/1OZ2nZL

Blogpost on another possible workaround:
http://bit.ly/1Vrwv98

NSA can turn on iPhone remotely:

BBC interview with Edward Snowden:
http://bit.ly/1Nab09Q

Article on Wired:
http://bit.ly/1hvZMNn


Abuse of anti-terrorism laws:
Proof of Patriot Act laws used for investigating other crimes, especially drugs:
http://bit.ly/1LXBu9X

„Sneak and Peak“ report:
http://bit.ly/1RVGhgM

Enforcement of French anti-terrorism laws:
Detailed explanation of new powers given by extended laws:
http://bit.ly/1OYBpSl

Original law text (in french):
http://bit.ly/1qraiKQ


Abuse of french anti-terrorism laws:
Human rights watch reports cases:
http://bit.ly/1SZmwpH

Climate change protesters placed under house arrest:
http://reut.rs/20DYZfa

Censorship in Hungary, Poland and Spain:
http://bit.ly/20DZ3eS
http://bit.ly/1Qgc7lX

http://bit.ly/1WtmIyv
http://bit.ly/1MvJ8N7

Jail time for government critics in Turkey:
http://bit.ly/1oXBctf

Effects of surveillance on our society:
List of issues of power abuse since 9/11 by American Civil liberties union:
http://bit.ly/1U6Rux4


General overview over the topic:
http://bit.ly/1Pyj8uR
http://bit.ly/1RVH2GF
http://bit.ly/MZe4qY

Safe and Sorry– Terrorism & Mass Surveillance

Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

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Size is the most under appreciated regulators of living things. Let us demonstrate that by throwing animals from buildings.

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THANKS A LOT TO OUR LOVELY PATRONS FOR SUPPORTING US:

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What Happens If We Throw an Elephant From a Skyscraper? Life & Size 1

Provided to YouTube by Rhino/Warner Records

I've Been Losing You · a-ha

Scoundrel Days

℗ 1986 Warner Records Inc.

Composer: Pal Waaktaar

Auto-generated by YouTube.

This video has focus on Pal for an absolutely epic 2 minute and 3 second guitar solo!
The Swing of Things is rapidly becoming the absolute best moment of these gigs - a real treat and highlight!

One love!!!

Facebook just announced 8 billion video views per day. This number is made out of lies, cheating and worst of all: theft. All of this is wildly known but the media giant Facebook is pretending everything is fine, while damaging independent creators in the process. How does this work?

Hank Greens Article:
https://medium.com/@hankgreen/....theft-lies-and-faceb

Video by Smartereveryday:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6A1Lt0kvMA

Video about Youtube content ID by YMS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nuTHhtCyzLg


Other sources used in this video:


http://www.theverge.com/2015/3..../31/8312987/please-d

http://mashable.com/2015/07/08..../facebook-video-thef

http://broadmark.de/allgemein/....facebook-erreicht-8-

http://mashable.com/2015/09/01..../facebook-could-soon

http://de.slideshare.net/socia....logilvy/the-rise-of-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLqCz5xBwGk

http://www.slate.com/articles/....technology/technolog

http://mic.com/articles/123368..../facebook-video-vs-y

http://mashable.com/2015/07/08..../facebook-video-thef

http://media.fb.com/2015/08/27..../an-update-on-video-


Get the music of the video here:

https://soundcloud.com/epicmountain/facebook

https://epicmountainmusic.band....camp.com/track/faceb

http://epic-mountain.com


http://kurzgesagt.org
https://www.reddit.com/r/kurzgesagt
https://www.facebook.com/Kurzgesagt
https://twitter.com/Kurz_Gesagt



How Facebook is Stealing Billions of Views

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Watch the Deep Time Hall livestream here:
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You can set a reminder on that post to be notified when it goes live!

Don’t forget to check out When Whales Walked: Journeys in Deep Time: https://www.pbs.org/tpt/when-whales-walked/

As a scientific concept, evolution was revolutionary when it was first introduced. With the help of all three of our hosts and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s new Deep Time Hall, we’ll try to explain how evolution actually works and how we came to understand it.

This episode was written by Darcy Shapiro.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Alex Yan

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Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
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References:
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/cuvier.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitio....ns/darwin/a-trip-aro
http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/index1.htm
http://wallacefund.info/content/biography-wallace
http://wallacefund.info/conten....t/1858-darwin-wallac
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/gregor-m
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolu....tion/library/01/6/l_
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://phys.org/news/2018-08-....truth-darwin-moth.ht
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.wired.com/2010/09/florida-panthers/
Bowler, P. (2001). History of Evolutionary Ideas: The Modern Synthesis. ELS: Encyclopedia of the life sciences, 1-5.
Papavero, N., & Santos, C. F. M. D. (2014). Darwinian evolutionism? Contributions of Alfred Russel Wallace to the theory of evolution. Revista Brasileira de História, 34(67), 159-180.
https://www.biodiversitylibrar....y.org/page/2283958#p

Nuclear war, cat gifs and reddit? Wait, what?

Who was the genius who came up with all of that? The internet is such a crucial tool in our daily lives today that we hardly remember that it hasn't been here forever. But yeah, it is actually not that old. We still have fuzzy memories about the time before the first thing in the morning was to check email and browse our favorite blogs and youtube channels. Well, let's explore how the internet came into existence and why.

And another Kurzgesagt video that isn't depressing! Don't get used to it though.

We funny comments at the end of the video are real comments from real people, from old YGS Episodes from Jacksfilms: youtube.com/jacksfilms

The MUSIC is available here: http://bit.ly/1hvOiYO

Thanks to Max from Moby Digg for the cat ;)

www.Kurzgesagt.org

If you like the MUSIC of the video, you can get it here: http://bit.ly/1fCOlLI

Next Video: May. Topic: Nuclear Energy

Videos, explaining things. Like evolution, time, space, global energy or our existence in this strange universe.
We are a team of designers, journalists and musicians who want to make science look beautiful. Because it is beautiful.

Visit us on our website, twitter, facebook or behance to say hi!

http://kurzgesagt.org

https://twitter.com/Kurz_Gesagt

https://www.facebook.com/Kurzgesagt

https://www.behance.net/kurzgesagt

Who invented the Internet? And why?

Help us caption & translate this video!

http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

An Infographic trip through the wonders of the solar system.

The solar system - well known from countless documentaries. 3D animation on black background. This infographic videos tries something different. Animated infographics and a focus on minimalistic design puts the information up front. We take the viewer on a trip through the solar system, visiting planets, asteroids and the sun.

Short videos, explaining things. For example Evolution, the Universe, the Stock Market or controversial topics like Fracking. Because we love science.

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The Solar System -- our home in space

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http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCsXVk37bltHxD1rDPwtNM8Q&tab=2

Our new shirt! https://store.dftba.com/products/eons-pocket-shirt

The Best-Of Nature League: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLZftFO1i4jN

The ability to make and use fire has fundamentally changed the arc of our evolution. The bodies we have today were, in many ways, shaped by that time when we first tamed fire.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
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References:
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
Alperson-Afil, N. (2008). Continual fire-making by hominins at Gesher Benot Ya ‘aqov, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(17-18), 1733-1739.
Barkai, R., Rosell, J., Blasco, R., & Gopher, A. (2017). Fire for a reason: Barbecue at middle Pleistocene Qesem cave, Israel. Current Anthropology, 58(S16), S314-S328.
Berna, F., Goldberg, P., Horwitz, L. K., Brink, J., Holt, S., Bamford, M., & Chazan, M. (2012). Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(20), E1215-E1220.
Blain, H. A., Agustí, J., Lordkipanidze, D., Rook, L., & Delfino, M. (2014). Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental context of the Early Pleistocene hominins from Dmanisi (Georgia, Lesser Caucasus) inferred from the herpetofaunal assemblage. Quaternary science reviews, 105, 136-150.
Carmody, R. N., & Wrangham, R. W. (2009). The energetic significance of cooking. Journal of Human Evolution, 57(4), 379-391.
Clark, J. D., & Harris, J. W. (1985). Fire and its roles in early hominid lifeways. African Archaeological Review, 3(1), 3-27.
Gowlett, J. A. (2016). The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 20150164.
Gowlett, J. A., & Wrangham, R. W. (2013). Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 48(1), 5-30.
Hlubik, S., Berna, F., Feibel, C., Braun, D., & Harris, J. W. (2017). Researching the nature of fire at 1.5 Mya on the site of FxJj20 AB, Koobi Fora, Kenya, using high-resolution spatial analysis and FTIR spectrometry. Current Anthropology, 58(S16), S243-S257.
MacDonald, K. (2017). The use of fire and human distribution. Temperature, 4(2), 153-165.
Pruetz, J. D., & LaDuke, T. C. (2010). Brief communication: Reaction to fire by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: Conceptualization of “fire behavior” and the case for a chimpanzee model. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 141(4), 646-650.
Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P. (2011). On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(13), 5209-5214.
Zink, K. D., & Lieberman, D. E. (2016). Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in humans. Nature, 531(7595), 500.

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Check out Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12f

420 million years ago, some fish were more medieval. They wore armor, sometimes made of big plates, and sometimes made of interlocking scales. But that armor may actually have served a totally different purpose, one that many animals still use today.

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References:
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