In today’s episode, Hank asks you to consider all the ways people talk about justice and what we really mean when we use that word. We’ll explain various theories of justice, just distribution, and different approaches to punishment.


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Population ecology is the study of groups within a species that interact mostly with each other, and it examines how they live together in one geographic area to understand why these populations are different in one time and place than they are in another. How is that in any way useful to anyone ever? Hank uses the example a of West Nile virus outbreak in Texas to show you in this episode of Crash Course: Ecology.

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Table of Contents
1) Density & Dispersion 02:03
2) Population Growth 03:07
3) Limiting Factors 03:45
a) Density Dependent 06:16
b) Density Independent 07:11
4) Exponential & Logistical Growth 08:04
5) How to Calculate Growth Rate 09:33

References:
http://www.latimes.com/news/na....tion/nationnow/la-na
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/id....cu/disease/arboviral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
http://www.nature.com/scitable..../knowledge/library/p
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In which John Green teaches you about the United States Constitution. During and after the American Revolutionary War, the government of the new country operated under the Articles of Confederation. While these Articles got the young nation through its war with England, they weren't of much use when it came to running a country. So, the founding fathers decided try their hand at nation-building, and they created the Constitution of the United States, which you may remember as the one that says We The People at the top. John will tell you how the convention came together, some of the compromises that had to be made to pass this thing, and why it's very lucky that the framers installed a somewhat reasonable process for making changes to the thing. You'll learn about Shays' Rebellion, the Federalist Papers, the elite vs rabble dynamic of the houses of congress, and start to find out just what an anti-federalist is.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode.Founding Fathers debated over how to govern the new nation, beginning with the Articles of Confederation: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/articles-of-confed
When the Founding Fathers finally wrote the Constitution, they realized that they needed to add The Bill of Rights to get citizens on board with the new government: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/the-bill-of-rights

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Today, Craig is going to dive into the controversy of monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary and fiscal policy are ways the government, and most notably the Federal Reserve, influences the economy - for better or for worse. So we’re going to start by looking at monetary policy, and specifically how the Federal Reserve uses interests rates as a means of controlling (or at least attempting to control) inflation. We’ll then move onto fiscal policy - that is the government’s use of taxation to raise and spend money. It’s all, well, pretty controversial, but as it seems Americans hate taxes the most, monetary policy is most often used - meaning that the Federal Reserve plays a hugely significant role in steering the U.S. economy.

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In which John Green, Hank Green, and Emily Graslie teach you about, well, everything. Big History is the history of everything. We're going to start with the Big Bang, take you right through all of history (recorded and otherwise), and even talk a little bit about the future. It is going to be awesome. In the awe-inspiring sense of the word awesome. In this episode, we walk you through the start of everything: The Big Bang. We'll look at how the universe unfolded at its very beginning, and how everything in the universe that we know today came into being. So that's kind of a big deal, right?

For more information, visit www.bighistoryproject.com

Hank brings us to the next level of ecological study with ecosystem ecology, which looks at how energy, nutrients, and materials are getting shuffled around within an ecosystem (a collection of living and nonliving things interacting in a specific place), and which basically comes down to who is eating who.

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Table of Contents
1) Defining Ecosystems 0:49:1
2) Trophic Structure 4:44:1
a) Primary Producers 5:27
b) Primary Consumers 5:41
c) Secondary Consumers 5:49:1
d) Tertiary Consumers 5:58:2
e) Detrivores 6:08:1
3) Bioaccumulation 8:47


References and image licenses for this episode in the Google doc here: http://dft.ba/-3f2M Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

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Last week, we met the Presocratics: despite having by any reasonable standard invented science in Europe, these thinkers are lumped together today as simply “not Socrates.”
So who was this smarty pants? In this episode Hank talks to us about Socrates and his two important students, Plato and Aristotle.

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Mark Brouwer, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
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Today we are investigating our moral obligations to our parents and our families. Do we owe our parents anything as adults? Would it be a good idea to license parents? We’ll explore these questions as well as the ethics of care, and some potential problems that type of approach to morality carries with it.

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This episode was sponsored by Prudential. Go to http://Raceforretirement.com and see how quickly 1% can add up.

You’re probably familiar with the basics of magnets already: They have a north pole and a south pole. Two of the same pole will repel each other, while opposites attract. Only certain materials, especially those that contain iron, can be magnets. And there’s a magnetic field around Earth, which is why you can use a compass to figure out which way is north. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini takes us into the world of magnetism!


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So we ended last episode at the start of the 20th century with special purpose computing devices such as Herman Hollerith’s tabulating machines. But as the scale of human civilization continued to grow as did the demand for more sophisticated and powerful devices. Soon these cabinet-sized electro-mechanical computers would grow into room-sized behemoths that were prone to errors. But is was these computers that would help usher in a new era of computation - electronic computing.

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How does education work? Where does the money come from? Who pays for it? Is going to college a good investment? Adriene and Jacob are talking today about the economics of education. Most countries require that their citizens get some education, and most countries pay for basic education, but the quality of education can vary widely. And in the US, post-secondary education can come with a lot of costs.

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This week Craig is going to give you a broad overview of elections in the United States. So as you may have noticed, there are kind of a lot of people in the U.S, and holding individual issues up to a public vote doesn't seem particularly plausible. So to deal with this complexity, we vote for people, not policies, that represent our best interests. But as you'll see, this process was not thoroughly addressed in the Constitution, so there have been a number of amendments and laws at the state level implemented to create the election system we all know and (maybe) love today.

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Get ready for hilarity, because this week, we're diving head first into Greek Comedy. Actually, though, maybe don't get TOO ready for hilarity. Taste in humor has changed a little over the last couple of thousand years. You already know about Greek Tragedies, with their hamartia and catharsis and whatnot. Today we're going to look at how Greek comedy evolved out of those tragedies, first as Satyr plays, and later as full-blown comedies. So come along. There are a few laughs involved, I promise.

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Welcome to Crash Course Statistics! In this series we're going to take a look at the important role statistics play in our everyday lives, because statistics are everywhere! Statistics help us better understand the world and make decisions from what you'll wear tomorrow to government policy. But in the wrong hands, statistics can be used to misinform. So we're going to try to do two things in this series. Help show you the usefulness of statistics, but also help you become a more informed consumer of statistics. From probabilities, paradoxes, and p-values there's a lot to cover in this series, and there will be some math, but we promise only when it's most important. But first, we should talk about what statistics actually are, and what we can do with them. Statistics are tools, but they can't give us all the answers.

Episode Notes:

On Tea Tasting:
"The Lady Tasting Tea" by David Salsburg

On Chain Saw Injuries:
https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/chainsaws.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15027558
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aem/2015/459697/

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

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Pocos saben que bajo el mismo Vaticano hay esto. Es la antigua necrópolis de Via Triumphalis, un cementerio romano que estaba cerca del circo de Nerón, donde la tradición indica que murió San Pedro.

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Con más de 30.000 peregrinos en la Plaza de San Pedro, el Papa continuó sus catequesis sobre la Iglesia. Esta vez habló de ella como una madre que enseña a los cristianos a ser misericordiosos.

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ROME REPORTS es una Agencia de Noticias para TV, internacional e independiente, especializada en la actividad del Papa, la vida del Vaticano y los debates de actualidad sobre temas sociales, culturales o religiosos. Informar sobre la Iglesia Católica requiere cercanía a las fuentes, conocimiento en profundidad de la Institución, y elevados niveles de creatividad y competencia técnica.

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15 de febrero, 2016. Se le quiebra la voz al rezar en tzotzil ante el Papa

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ROME REPORTS es una Agencia de Noticias para TV, internacional e independiente, especializada en la actividad del Papa, la vida del Vaticano y los debates de actualidad sobre temas sociales, culturales o religiosos. Informar sobre la Iglesia Católica requiere cercanía a las fuentes, conocimiento en profundidad de la Institución, y elevados niveles de creatividad y competencia técnica.

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14 de noviembre de 2015. La Orden de los Dominicos cumple 800 años de historia

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ROME REPORTS es una Agencia de Noticias para TV, internacional e independiente, especializada en la actividad del Papa, la vida del Vaticano y los debates de actualidad sobre temas sociales, culturales o religiosos. Informar sobre la Iglesia Católica requiere cercanía a las fuentes, conocimiento en profundidad de la Institución, y elevados niveles de creatividad y competencia técnica.

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16 de noviembre, 2015. Francisco, en una iglesia luterana: “Debemos pedir perdón por el escándalo de la división”.

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ROME REPORTS es una Agencia de Noticias para TV, internacional e independiente, especializada en la actividad del Papa, la vida del Vaticano y los debates de actualidad sobre temas sociales, culturales o religiosos. Informar sobre la Iglesia Católica requiere cercanía a las fuentes, conocimiento en profundidad de la Institución, y elevados niveles de creatividad y competencia técnica.

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http://es.romereports.com El primer ángelus del papa Francisco ha levantado gran expectación en la Ciudad Eterna. El Papa ha recomendado un libro del cardenal Walter Kasper y ha asegurado que Dios no se cansa de perdonar a los hombres y mujeres que le piden perdón.