This week Craig Benzine clears up the role of committees in Congress. We’ll talk about standing committees, joint committees, conference committees, and caucuses (and not the candidate-choosing kinds) as well as the staff agencies that help advise these committees and congresspeople. As most bills never even make it to the house and senate floors for a vote, the role of committees, and their respective chairpersons as gatekeeper is pretty important. There’s a lot to demystify here as the legislative process can seem pretty arcane at times, but the model, at least in theory, helps Congress run more efficiently.

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How does our knowledge grow? It turns out there are some different ideas about that. Schemas, Four-Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding all play different roles but the basic idea is that children think about things very differently than adults. Hank explains in today's episode of Crash Course Psychology.

--
Table of Contents

Schemas, Assimilation & Accommodation 2:39:12

Piaget's Four-Stage Cognitive Development 1:47:02

Sensortimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational,
and Formal Operational Periods 3:48:22

Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding 7:45:05

--
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•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••

TO: Carla
FROM: Christopher

Next stop is whenever. Just be like, "stop."

***

You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.

***

What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.

--

Table of Contents:

Ion Channels Regulate Electrochemistry to Create Action Potential 4:51
Resting State 3:22
Depolarization 6:09
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00

--

CRASH COURSE KIDS!
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In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T

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Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (www.staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.

This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-25Ad

Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33

TAGS: crashcourse, biology, science, chemistry, energy, atp, adenosine triphosphate, cellular respiration, glucose, adp, hydrolysis, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation, lactic acid, enzyme, hans krebs, citric acid, ATP synthase Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Your heart gets a lot of attention from poets, songwriters, and storytellers, but today Hank's gonna tell you how it really works. The heart’s ventricles, atria, and valves create a pump that maintains both high and low pressure to circulate blood from the heart to the body through your arteries, and bring it back to the heart through your veins. You'll also learn what your blood pressure measurements mean when we talk about systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Table of Contents
Heart's Ventricles, Atria and Valves Create a Pump 3:25
Maintains Both High and Low Pressure 3:25
Blood Circulates From the Heart to the Body Through Your Arteries 4:47
Blood Circulates From the Body to the Heart Through Your Veins 4:49
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure 7:58

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***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***

TO: My Student
FROM: Earle

Check out www.youtube.com/amorsciendi for supplementary content.

--

TO: Everyone
FROM: Magnus Krokstad

Keep dreaming!

***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***

Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:

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My drawing book: http://amzn.to/1K7L8Ed
Subscribe on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/artistleonardo

Visit me on FB: https://www.facebook.com/LeonardoPereznieto
My website: http://www.ArtistLeonardo.com/
O Art Int: http://oartinternational.com/

Do you want to help me translating it into your language?
(Note: First check if it hasn´t been translated already by pressing the "CC" button on the lower part of the video).
All you need to do is to please go to the following link and translate. Thank you!:
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If you would like to invest in a drawing, painting or sculpture by Leonardo Pereznieto, or to hire him for workshops or lectures, please write to: info@artistleonardo.com (Business only, not for personal messages.)

List of materials:

Mechanical pencil: ArtistLeonardo Tutto3, with 0.3mm 2H lead, 0.5 HB and 0.7 mm 2B lead
Graphite powder
Chamoise
Kneaded eraser Prismacolor (See it here: http://amzn.to/2cvi6G7)
Ruler and square
Fabriano white drawing paper, fine grain

If you would like to see photos and brands of my tools, please go to my blog about materials with the following link:

http://fineart-tips.blogspot.m....x/2015/07/my-drawing


Download Fine Art-Tips mobile app:

On the Apple Store:

For iPhone/iPad free: https://itunes.apple.com/us/ap....p/fine-art-tips-draw

For iPhone/iPad, Premium: https://itunes.apple.com/us/ap....p/fine-art-tips-prem

On Google Play:

For Android free: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=allmax.fine.art.tips.free2&hl=en

For Android, Premium: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=allmax.fine.art.tips2&hl=en

You may also follow me on:

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I wish you great creations!

Audio file(s) provided by http://www.audiomicro.com

This tutorial shows How to Draw Realistic Wood With Pencil

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If you would like to invest in a drawing, painting or sculpture by Leonardo Pereznieto, or to hire him for workshops or lectures, please write to: info@artistleonardo.com (Business only, not for personal messages.)

This tutorial shows How to Draw Cherries with Color Pencils. Step by step will show you how to create the shape of the fruit and I will give you the best tips for coloring. I’ll show you to create effects and textures with shadows and illumination.

List of materials:

Mechanical pencil with 0.7mm, B lead
Color pencils: Prismacolor Premier
Kneaded eraser Prismacolor
MagicRub FaberCastell eraser
Fabriano white drawing paper, fine grain

If you would like to see photos and brands of my tools, please go to my blog about materials with the following link:

http://www.fineartebooks.com/h....owtodraw_drawingscho



You may also follow me on:

My Blog: http://www.fineartebooks.com/h....owtodraw_drawingscho

My Twitter: https://twitter.com/#!/ArtistLeonardo

Fine Art Tips on Google+: http://goo.gl/TqsmiJ

My Google+ page as an artist (with my sculptures, paintings, etc): http://goo.gl/n7p96D

My Instagram: http://instagram.com/artistleonardo

My LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=89957576&trk=tab_pro

My Vine: https://vine.co/v/hKnn3rbwJmT

My Pinterest: http://pinterest.com/ArtistLeonardo/

My VK: http://vk.com/leonardopereznieto

My website Leonardo Pereznieto: http://www.leonardopereznieto.com/leo/Intro.html

I wish you great creations!

Audio file(s) provided by http://www.audiomicro.com


Do you want to help me translating it into your language?

(Note: First check if it hasn´t been translated already by pressing the "CC" button on the lower part of the video).

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With its lizard-like appearance and that distinctive sail on it back, Dimetrodon is practically the mascot of the Palaeozoic Era, a time before flowers, birds, mammals, and even crocodiles. But if you take a close look at this sail-backed animal, you might see a little bit of yourself.

The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally.

Thanks to Franz Anthony and Studio 252mya for the Dimetrodon illustration. You can find more of Franz's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/franz-anthony

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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References:
https://evolution-outreach.spr....ingeropen.com/articl
http://www.app.pan.pl/article/....item/app20100039.htm
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi..../abs/10.1080/1042094
http://www.journals.uchicago.e....du/doi/10.1086/65300
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1002/jmor.10

In which John Green teaches you about the beginning of the so-called Age of Discovery. You've probably heard of Christopher Columbus, who "discovered" America in 1492, but what about Vasco da Gama? How about Zheng He? Columbus gets a bad rap from many modern historians, but it turns out he was pretty important as far as the history of the world goes. That said, he wasn't the only pioneer plying the seas in the 1400s. In Portugal, Vasco da Gama was busy integrating Europe into the Indian Ocean Trade by sailing around Africa. Chinese admiral Zheng He was also traveling far and wide in the largest wooden ships ever built. Columbus, whether portrayed as hero or villain, is usually credited as the great sailor of the 15th century, but he definitely wasn't the only contender. What better way to settle this question than with a knock-down, drag-out, no holds barred, old-fashioned battle royal? We were going to make it a cage match, but welding is EXPENSIVE.

Resources:

The Age of Reconnaissance by JH Parry - An explanation of the technologies that made these voyages possible, and a nice detailed record of many of the important voyages. http://dft.ba/-discovery

When China Ruled the Sea by Louise Levathes: A history of the Ming dynasty's ventures into maritime exploration. http://dft.ba/-zhenghedragon

Unknown Seas by Ronald Watkins: A highly readable account of Vasco da Gama's introduction of europe into the Indian Ocean trade. http://dft.ba/-vasco

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

Follow us!
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Hank talks about the molecules that make up every living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - and how we find them in our environment and in the food that we eat.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD!
http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T

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Resources for this episode in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-citations2


TAGS: biological molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, food, biolography, william prout, urea, energy, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, disaccharides, sucrose, polysaccharides, simple sugars, cellulose, starch, glycogen, glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, enzymes, antibodies, hormones, amino acids, nitrogen, polypeptides, protein synthesis, biology, molecule, crashcourse, hank green Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300.

Resources:

The Histories of Herodotus: http://goo.gl/I1TM9u

Plato: http://goo.gl/GEcfWX

Plays of Aristophanes: http://goo.gl/xzb9Ff

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

Follow us!
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Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T

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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2hCl

1:41 link to Biological Molecules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47

DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.

Crash Course A&P Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom

Table of Contents
Adaptive Immune System's Humoral Response 1:19
How B Cells Mature, Identify Antigens, and Make Antibodies 2:42
How Antibodies Warm Pathogens and Mark Them for Death 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27

***

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

--

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In which John Green teaches you about Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein. Sure, you know Frankenstein the cultural phenomenon, but how much do you know about the novel that started it all? You'll learn about the Romantic movement in English lit, of which Frankenstein is a GREAT example, and you'll learn that Frankenstein might just be the first SciFi novel. Once again, literature comes down to just what it means to be human. John will review the plot, and take you through a couple of different critical readings of the novel, and will discuss the final disposition of Percy Shelley's heart.

Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css

Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2DnD

Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37

This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba
"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura
"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by Luftrum

biology, speciation, science, species, evolution, homo sapiens, organism, liger, napoleon dynamite, fertile, sterile, hybrid, hybridization, reproductive isolation, genetic isolation, pre-zygotic isolation, behavior, geographic, allopatric speciation, natural selection, galapagos, finch, artificial selection, corgi, greyhound, puppy, dog Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

In which John Green kicks off the Crash Course Literature mini series with a reasonable set of questions. Why do we read? What's the point of reading critically. John will argue that reading is about effectively communicating with other people. Unlike a direct communication though, the writer has to communicate with a stranger, through time and space, with only "dry dead words on a page." So how's that going to work? Find out with Crash Course Literature! Also, readers are empowered during the open letter, so that's pretty cool.

The Reading List!

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare: http://dft.ba/-shakespearerj

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald: http://dft.ba/-fitzgeraldgg

Catcher in the Rye: http://dft.ba/-catcher

Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson: http://dft.ba/-dickinson

Some of these are available from gutenberg.org as free ebooks. You should check that out.

Follow us!
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@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@thoughtbubbler
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The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: In which John Green teaches you about the so-called Silk Road, a network of trade routes where goods such as ivory, silver, iron, wine, and yes, silk were exchanged across the ancient world, from China to the West. Along with all these consumer goods, things like disease and ideas made the trip as well. As is his custom, John ties the Silk Road to modern life, and the ways that we get our stuff today.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

Follow us!
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Resources:

Life Along the Silk Road by Susan Whitfield: http://dft.ba/-lifesilk

The Silk Road: 2000 Years in the Heart of Asia: http://dft.ba/-2000years

Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse

Phil takes us for a closer (eye safe!) look at the two-octillion ton star that rules our solar system. We look at the sun's core, plasma, magnetic fields, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and what all of that means for our planet.

This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse

--

The Sun is a Star 1:28
Plasma's Magnetic Fields 6:11
Sunspots, Solar Flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections 7:09
How the Earth Reacts 9:18

--

PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer

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--

PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS
Hubble extrasolar planet search field in Sagittarius: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0612d/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Sahu (STScI) and the SWEEPS science team]
The Sun: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/defa....ult/files/images/499 [credit: SDO/HMI]
The Sun: http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfro....nt.net/wp-content/up [credit: NASA/SDO/AIA]
Earth: http://www.nasa.gov/content/go....ddard/earth-from-spa [credit: NASA's Earth Observatory]
Fusion in the Sun: http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Fusioninthe [credit: Borb]
Empire State Building: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E....mpire_State_Building
Sun Structure: https://www.flickr.com/photos/....11304375@N07/2819311
Photospheric granulation: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.....gov/images/granules.
Corona: http://philhart.smugmug.com/Su....n/Queensland-Solar-E [credit: Phil Hart]
"Magnet0873" by Newton Henry Black - Newton Henry Black, Harvey N. Davis (1913) Practical Physics, The MacMillan Co., USA, p. 242, fig. 200. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Magnet0873.
Strange Days On The Sun: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Images courtesy of NASA/SDO]
Under the Sunspots: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=2 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
Raining Loops: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....010000/a011100/a0111 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO]
Coronal Mass Ejection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_xYcMQe5KA [credit: NASA]
Aurora: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-BicSV9RAw
Soloar Close-ups: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=4 [credit: NASA]

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

So what does perception even mean? What's the difference between seeing something and making sense of it? In today's episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank gives us some insight into the differences between sensing and perceiving.
--
Table of Contents
Perceptual Set 01:53:15
Form Perception 03:44:17
Visual Cues 06:08:08
Depth Perception 05:39:12
--
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