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In 1993, scientists cracked open a piece of amber, took out the body of an ancient weevil, and sampled its DNA. Or, at least, so we thought. It took another few decades of research, and a lot of take-backs, before scientists could figure out how we could truly unlock the genetic secrets of the past.

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Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

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References:
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28486705
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/17
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13408
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10574
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/....10.1603/0013-8746%28
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989198
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/a....rticle/pjab1977/65/1
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/264
https://www.tandfonline.com/do....i/abs/10.1080/205489
https://blogs.scientificameric....an.com/guest-blog/ju
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1684053
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14711425
https://www.nature.com/articles/362709a0
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.o....rg/gsa/geology/artic
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055061
https://www.nature.com/articles/363536a0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC26949

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Insects were the first animals to ever develop the ability to fly, and, arguably, they did it the best. But this development was so unusual that scientists are still/working on, and arguing about, how and when insect wings first came about.

Special thanks to Franz Anthony for the beautiful insect reconstructions. You can see more of Franz's tremendous work at http://252mya.com

Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution:
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6210/763

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll

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References:
https://www.cell.com/current-b....iology/pdf/S0960-982
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12629
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6210/763
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/349/6247/487
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/0....3/26/science/insect-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://phys.org/news/2012-08-....humble-bug-gap-fossi
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426326/
https://livingwithinsects.word....press.com/2014/09/04
https://www.cell.com/current-b....iology/pdf/S0960-982
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC54529
https://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/collembolan.htm
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/the-mole

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Addison Baker, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Southpoint, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Mario Morales, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll

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References:

Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!

In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, we get to meet the brain. Hank talks us through the Central Nervous System, the ancestral structures of the brain, the limbic system, and new structures of the brain. Plus, what does Phineas Gage have to do with all of this?
--
Table of Contents:
Basics of the CNS 2:15
Basics of the Brain 5:03
Ancestral Structures of the Brain 5:37
Limbic System 7:31
New Structures of the Brain 8:32
--
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Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC

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Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45

2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57

3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00

References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/....AP/AP2pages/Units18t
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.co....m/sites/0072495855/s

This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Pigs-01.flac" by Erdie
"straw slurp.wav" by dparke4
"Disgusting Slop.wav" by Ighuaran
"Sonar Ping.wav" by digifishmusic
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"swing.mp3" by morgantj

crash course, crashcourse, biology, immune system, anatomy, physiology, human, health, microscopic, pus, pathogen, bacteria, body, organism, virus, immunity, innate, acquired, animal, vertebrate, germ, skin, mucous membrane, digestive tract, mucus, inflammatory response, mast cells, histamine, allergic, allergy, infection, phagocyte, macrophage, natural killer cell, lymphocytes, white blood cells, antigen, t cell, humoral response Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Hank brings us the story of the electron and describes how reality is a kind of music, discussing electron shells and orbitals, electron configurations, ionization and electron affinities, and how all these things can be understood via the periodic table.

Crash Course on the internet!
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Table of Contents
Snobby Scientists 00:43
Great Dane/Bohr Model 01:57
Electrons as Music 04:13
Electron Shells and Orbitals 04:44
Electron Configurations 05:54
Ionization and Electron Affinities 08:17
Periodic Table 10:18 Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Hank tells us the story of the complicated chemical dance that allows our skeletal muscles to contract and relax.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC

Like CrashCourse: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse

Table of Contents
1) Cardiac, Smooth, & Skeletal Muscles 01:09
2) Muscle Anatomy 02:03
a) Muscle Fibers 03:07
b) Myofibrils 04:15:1
c) Sarcomeres 04:19:1
d) Myofilaments 04:37:2
3) Biolography 05:37:1
4) Sliding Filament Model 07:47

References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3syE

crash course, crashcourse, biology, muscular system, muscle, cellular respiration, energy, ATP, human body, chemistry, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, contract, relax, tendon, anatomy, physiology, fascicle, fibers, protein, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament, actin, myosin, sliding filament model, biolography, electron microscope, tropomyosin, troponin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, motor neuron Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

All the magic that we know is in the transfer of electrons. Reduction (gaining electrons) and oxidation (the loss of electrons) combine to form Redox chemistry, which contains the majority of chemical reactions. As electrons jump from atom to atom, they carry energy with them, and that transfer of energy is what makes all life on earth possible.

**Special Thanks to Matt Young at the University of Montana (Geosciences Department, Environmental Biogeochemistry Lab) who helped with the chemical demonstrations.**

Oxidation 1:42
Reduction 1:03
Oxidation Numbers 3:29
Redox Reactions 5:59
Oxidation Reactions 6:28
Balancing Oxidation Reactions 7:18

Also thank you to the following chemistry teachers for assistance:
James Sarbinoff
Rachel Wentz
Edi González
Lucas Moore
Chris Conley
Addie Clark
Julia Rosinski

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This week, we're starting our discussion of Mythical Creatures with the WORST creatures. Monsters. What makes a monster monstrous though? Mike Rugnetta will guide you through the fine line between a magical creature and a monster. Spoiler alert: like 60% of the time, the difference is that monsters eat people. We'll talk about sea monsters, Sphinxes, and take an elongated look directly into the Canadian face of horror, the Wendigo.

Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Get a free trial here: http://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Jessica Wode, Cami Wilson, Eric Prestemon, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Kathrin Janßen, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Jason A Saslow, Steve Marshall
--

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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

We love the internet! It's a wealth of information where we can learn about just about anything, but it's also kind of a pit of information that can be false or misleading. So, we're partnering with Mediawise and the Stanford History Education Group to make this series on Navigating Digital Information. Let's learn the facts about facts!

Special thanks to our partners from MediaWise who helped create this series:
The Poynter Institute
The Stanford History Education Group (sheg.stanford.edu)

Follow MediaWise and their fact-checking work across social:
https://www.instagram.com/mediawise/
https://www.youtube.com/mediawise
https://twitter.com/mediawise
https://www.facebook.com/MediaWise/

MediaWise is supported by Google.

Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--

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As we learn more about electricity, we have to talk about fields. Electric fields may seem complicated, but they're really fascinating and a crucial part of physics. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini chats about capacitors, conductors, electric field lines, and how objects with net charge generate electric fields.

Get your own Crash Course Physics mug from DFTBA: http://store.dftba.com/products/crash...

The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...

--

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

--

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17 de octubre, 2014. Desde que llegó a la diócesis de Bolonia, en Italia, el cardenal Caffarra desarrolló una pastoral específica para las personas divorciadas vueltas a casar.

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ROME REPORTS es una Agencia de Noticias para TV, internacional e independiente, especializada en la actividad del Papa, la vida del Vaticano y los debates de actualidad sobre temas sociales, culturales o religiosos. Informar sobre la Iglesia Católica requiere cercanía a las fuentes, conocimiento en profundidad de la Institución, y elevados niveles de creatividad y competencia técnica.

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ROME REPORTS es una Agencia de Noticias para TV, internacional e independiente, especializada en la actividad del Papa, la vida del Vaticano y los debates de actualidad sobre temas sociales, culturales o religiosos. Informar sobre la Iglesia Católica requiere cercanía a las fuentes, conocimiento en profundidad de la Institución, y elevados niveles de creatividad y competencia técnica.

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http://www.romereports.com Benedicto XVI ha hablado, y mucho, sobre la crisis económica. Reflexiona a fondo sobre la actualidad antes de afrontarla. En su encíclica "Caritas in veritate" adelantó los conceptos que considera fundamentales para salir de la crisis económica.

http://es.romereports.com Benedicto XVI está "descansado, tiene la memoria ágil y los ojos brillantes y alegres". Así lo ve el padre Stephan Otto Horn, presidente del Circulo de Antiguos Alumnos de Ratzinger que lo visitó a principios de junio.

http://es.romereports.com Esta melodía pegadiza se inspira en una canción nigeriana sobre el Evangelio. Se llama "Say yes", habla de Jesús y es el single del nuevo disco de Michelle Williams. .

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