UV at ground level is non-ionizing but it damages DNA and causes photoaging - how?
Also, it turns out glass doesn't block all UV (specifically UVA passes through). This is something I learned filming with the UV camera inside.

Special thanks to Dr. Hayley Golbach, @hayleysgold on twitter
https://twitter.com/hayleysgold

Ultraviolet light causes damage to DNA, leads to cancer and photoaging: age spots and wrinkles. I was curious about this because UV is technically non-ionizing. A photon of UV doesn't have enough energy to strip an electron off atoms or molecules. However it does have enough energy to trigger photo-chemical reactions. For example, it causes pyrimidine dimers - the unauthorized covalent bonding of adjacent thymine or cytosine bases in our DNA. If these spots are not properly repaired, they may lead to mutations and cancer. Photoaging is typically the result of degradation of collagen and elastin fibers - scaffolding that supports the skin. This leads to wrinkles and saggy-looking skin.

Huge thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, Michael Krugman, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen, Yildiz Kabaran, Terrance Snow, Stan Presolski, James M Nicholson, KIMoFy

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Music from Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com "Serene Story 2"

Scientists like Prof Sinclair have evidence of speeding up, slowing, and even reversing aging.
Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/VeLP

What causes aging? According to Professor David Sinclair, it is a loss of information in our epigenome, the system of proteins like histones and chemical markers like methylation that turn on and off genes. Epigenetics allow different cell types to perform their specific functions - they are what differentiate a brain cell from a skin cell. Our DNA is constantly getting broken, by cosmic rays, UV radiation, free radicals, x-rays and regular cell division etc. When our cells repair that damage, the epigenome is not perfectly reset. And hence over time, noise accumulates in our epigenome. Our cells no longer perform their functions well.

To counter this decline, we can activate the body's own defenses against aging by stressing the body. Eat less, eat less protein, engage in intense exercise, experience uncomfortable cold. When the body senses existential threats it triggers longevity genes, which attempt to maintain the body to ensure its survival until good times return. This may be the evolutionary legacy of early bacteria, which established these two modes of living (repair and protect vs grow and reproduce). Scientists are uncovering ways to mimic stresses on the body without the discomfort of fasting. Molecules like NMN also trigger sirtuins to monitor and repair the epigenome. This may slow aging.

Reversing aging requires an epigenetic reset, which may be possible using Yamanaka factors. These four factors can revert an adult cell into a pluripotent stem cell. Prof. Sinclair used three of the four factors to reverse aging in the retinal cells of old mice. He found they could see again after the treatment.

Special thanks to:
Professor David Sinclair, check out his book "Lifespan: Why We Age & Why We Don't Have To"
Assistant Professor David Gold
Noemie Sierra (for polyp images)
Genepool Productions for telomere animations from Immortal: https://ve42.co/immortal
Epigenetics animations (DNA, histones, methylation etc) courtesy of: http://wehi.tv
Animation: Etsuko Uno
Art and Technical Direction: Drew Berry
Sound Design: Francois Tetaz & Emma Bortignon
Scientific Consultation: Marnie Blewitt
Courtesy of Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

Filming, editing and animation by Jonny Hyman and Derek Muller

Music from https://epidemicsound.com "Clearer Views" "Innovations" "A Sound Foundation" "Seaweed"
Additional music by Kevin MacLeod from https://incompetech.com "Marty Gots a Plan"

Can you solve these four rotation-related riddles?
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon
Test yourself playlist: http://ve42.co/testurself

Huge thanks to Patreon supporters:
Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

I came across these four physics puzzles over the years in discussions with Neil deGrasse Tyson (riddle 4: which part(s) of a moving train are going backwards with respect to the ground?), Simon Pampena (riddle 2: run around a track twice, the first time slowly, the second time much faster so that the average for the two laps is twice the speed of the first lap). Someone tweeted me a video of the mystery cylinder rolling down the ramp in riddle 1 (sorry I'm not sure who it was). Riddle three about a bicycle going forward or backward when it's bottom peddle is pulled back was brought to me by a number of people and I appreciate all of their help!

Filmed by Raquel Nuno.
Thanks to everyone at the Palais de la Decouverte! I've had this footage for five years and am only finally releasing it now. I wanted to talk about the way grass grows on a spinning turntable but I couldn't locate the footage...

One of the most common physics misconceptions is that an unbalanced force causes constant motion. In truth, an unbalanced force leads to changes in motion - accelerations.

Can you predict what happens to the golf ball?
Stays where it is: http://bit.ly/buoyStay
Goes down: http://bit.ly/buoyGoDown
Goes up: http://bit.ly/buoyGoUp

In this experiment we see that a golf ball is denser than detergent (it is also denser than pure water incidentally, which is why water hazards are so effective at ruining a golfer's day on the course). But, a golf ball is less dense than a saturated salt solution. Now the question is: if you pour the detergent on top of the golf ball in the salt solution, what will happen to the golf ball?

Special thanks to Duane Merrell for the idea, which I saw demonstrated at BYU back in February. Thanks to Emil Malmsten for excellent filming, and his Stockholm colleagues who were game to have a chat to me about this experiment.

A recent survey of scientific literacy in Australia found 30% believe it takes one day for the Earth to go around the sun. This video provides qualitative evidence for the finding from Sydney's Eastern beaches.

A bisected grape in the microwave makes plasma. But how does it work? A grape is the right size and refractive index to trap microwaves inside it. When you place two (or two halves) close together the fields interact with each other creating a maximum of electromagnetic energy where they touch. This creates heating, sparks, and plasma, which is further fed with energy directly by the microwaves.

Huge thanks to Hamza Khattak, Prof. Pablo Bianucci and Prof. Aaron Slepkov (unavailable for the call) for chatting to me and helping me understand the physics of this cool phenomenon.

Linking plasma formation in grapes to microwave resonances of aqueous dimers
https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/1....0.1073/pnas.18183501

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, James M Nicholson, Michael Krugman, Nathan Hansen, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Terrance Shepherd

Thanks also to Steve Bosi, my original plasma collaborator.

Animations by Alan Chamberlain

Music from http://epidemicsound.com "Seaweed"

Students at UCF are designing an inexpensive 3D printed arm for kids.
To find out more and to get involved, check out: http://office.tumblr.com

Big thanks to Microsoft and the Collective Project for introducing me to Albert and his amazing team. They are continuing to help people around the world one hand at a time and they could use your help.
Learn more and see how you can get involved by checking out The Collective Project on Tumblr, follow @MSONeNote on Twitter or head over to http://Onenote.com/collectiveproject

How lift actually works: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFO4PBolwFg
More with Canadian Olympian Hunter Lowden: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YVOPUkbu6g

How does a sailboat work? The standard idea is that the wind pushes the sails from behind, causing the boat to move forward. Although this technique is used at times, it is not the most efficient way to sail a boat (and it means the boat can never go faster than the wind). Lift is the key mechanism driving a boat forwards. As air flows over the sails, it moves faster over the outer side, creating lower pressure than on the inner side. This produces a force which is mostly to the side and a bit forwards. Lift on the centerboard pushes to the opposite side, cancelling the sideways force and adding a forward component of force to the boat.

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We put aerogel to the test vs 'not-a-flamethrower', a huge 2000°C flame to a large fiberglass blanket infused with silica aerogel - formerly the lightest solid (that title is now held by graphene aerogel).

Special thanks to:
Aerogel Technologies: https://ve42.co/aerogeltech
Aspen Aerogels: https://ve42.co/aspen
Ben: @BenScho999999
Dr. Stephen Steiner and the Aerogel Technologies team

The footage of aerogel materials in cold environments was provided courtesy of Aspen Aerogels. Their product, cryogel, was shown to be flexible in liquid nitrogen while preventing cold burns to the hand. They are the manufacturer of the blanket used in the main portion of this video.

This is the finale of my three-part series on aerogel. I'll put links to the other parts below:
World's Lightest Solid: https://youtu.be/AeJ9q45PfD0
I Waterproofed Myself With Aerogel: https://youtu.be/GcdB5bFwio4

Huge thanks to Patreon supporters:
Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Bryan Baker, Chris Vargas, Chuck Lauer Vose, Dale Horne, Donal Botkin, Eric Velazquez, halyoav, James Knight, Jasper Xin, Joar Wandborg, Kevin Beavers, kkm, Leah Howard, Lyvann Ferrusca, Michael Krugman, Mohammed Al Sahaf, Noel Braganza, Philipp Volgger, Pindex, Ron Neal, Sam Lutfi, Stan Presolski, Tige Thorman

This is an educational video demonstrating scientific experiments performed by professionals. It should not be attempted by viewers.

Music from Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com "Running Against the Clock" "Dangerous Forests"

I am nearing the end of a 6-week road trip filming for an Australian TV show called Catalyst (http://abc.net.au/catalyst). Along with co-presenters Anja and Simon, I have travelled from Perth towards our destination, Melbourne, picking up all the interesting science stories along the way.

Since we have been working long days I haven't had time to make any new Veritasium material. Instead I thought I'd share some things I have done for this show in the past, including narrating short 'factoid' segments like this one. Hope everyone is having a great holiday season and I look forward to getting back to Veritasium stuff in a few weeks.

Nuclear Fungus
Producer: Nicky Ruscoe
Researcher: Kiri Beilby
Editor: Chris Spur
Graphics: Rapt Animation P/L

http://abc.net.au/catalyst

Be one of the first 500 people to sign up with this link and get 20% off your subscription with Brilliant.org! https://brilliant.org/realengineering/

New streaming platform: https://watchnebula.com/

Vlog channel: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCMet4qY3027v8Kjpa

Patreon:
https://www.patreon.com/user?u=2825050&ty=h
Facebook:
http://facebook.com/realengineering1
Instagram:
https://www.instagram.com/brianjamesmcmanus
Reddit:
https://www.reddit.com/r/RealEngineering/
Twitter:
https://twitter.com/thebrianmcmanus
Discord:
https://discord.gg/s8BhkmN

Get your Real Engineering shirts at: https://standard.tv/collections/real-engineering

Credits:
Writer/Narrator/Editor: Brian McManus
Co-Writer: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UClZbmi9JzfnB2CEb0
Animator: Mike Ridolfi (https://www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (https://haerther.net/)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster https://twitter.com/forgottentowel


References:
[1] https://www.space.com/7103-titan-world-earth.html
[2] https://www.newscientist.com/a....rticle/2200961-titan
[3] https://www.nytimes.com/2017/0....9/14/science/cassini
[4] https://www.nasa.gov/mission_p....ages/cassini/timelin
[5] http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/Ne....ws-and-Resources/new

[6] http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/Ne....ws-and-Resources/doc
[7] https://youtu.be/2lv6Vs12jLc?t=156
[8] http://large.stanford.edu/cour....ses/2013/ph241/jiang
[9] https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1033397
[10] https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/....fact_sheets/radioiso
[11] http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/Ne....ws-and-Resources/doc
[12] https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/miss....ion/whereistherovern
[13] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.g....su.edu/hbase/Forces/
[14] https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/m....issions/cassini/miss
[15] http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/Ne....ws-and-Resources/doc
[16] https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/me....chanical-engineering
[17] https://m-selig.ae.illinois.ed....u/pubs/DetersAnandaS
[18] http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/Ne....ws-and-Resources/doc
[19] https://www.nasa.gov/press-rel....ease/nasas-dragonfly
[20] https://www.hou.usra.edu/meeti....ngs/lpsc2017/eposter

Thank you to AP Archive for access to their archival footage.

Music by Epidemic Sound: http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Songs:


Thank you to my patreon supporters: Adam Flohr, Henning Basma, Hank Green, William Leu, Tristan Edwards, Ken Coltan, Andrew McCorkell, Ian Dundore, John & Becki Johnston. Nevin Spoljaric, Jason Clark, Devin Rathbun, Thomas Barth, Paulo Toyosi Toda Nishimura

In the next eight minutes, you’ll experience a twenty-five-and-a-half-day mission from roll-out to recovery of the first integrated flight test of NASA’s Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System rocket, launching from the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. This uncrewed mission will be the first in a planned series of exploration missions beyond the moon, signaling what astronauts who dare to operate in deep space will experience on future flights.

We’ve taken giant leaps and left our mark in the heavens. Now we’re building the next chapter, returning to the Moon to stay, and preparing to go beyond. We are NASA – and after 60 years, we’re just getting started. Special thanks to Mike Rowe for the voiceover work.

This video is available for download from NASA's Image and Video Library: https://images.nasa.gov/detail....s-NHQ_2019_0508_We%2

We are going to the Moon, to stay, by 2024. And this is how.

Special thanks to William Shatner for lending his voice to this project.

About NASA's Moon to Mars plans: https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moon2mars/

Credit: NASA

This video is available for download from NASA's Image and Video Library: https://images.nasa.gov/detail....s-NHQ_2019_0514_WeAr

What have we accomplished and what's ahead in our mission to explore the Moon, Mars and worlds beyond? On Feb. 10, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine unveils the "State of NASA" and shares details of the FY2021 Budget and more.

Bridenstine shared that “President Donald Trump’s Fiscal Year 2021 budget for NASA is worthy of 21st century exploration and discovery. The President’s budget invests more than $25 billion in NASA to fortify our innovative human space exploration program while maintaining strong support for our agency’s full suite of science, aeronautics, and technology work."

“The budget proposed represents a 12 percent increase and makes this one of the strongest budgets in NASA history. The reinforced support from the President comes at a critical time as we lay the foundations for landing the first woman and the next man on the South Pole of the Moon by 2024. This budget keeps us firmly on that path."

To learn more about NASA’s Fiscal Year 2021 budget, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/budget

NASA astronaut Nicole Stott examines scenes depicting space from movies and television and breaks down how accurate they really are. What actually happens when your helmet cracks in space like in Total Recall? Are the spacewalks in Gravity realistic? Could there really be AI on a space station like in 2001: A Space Odyssey?

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Also, check out the free WIRED channel on Roku, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Android TV. Here you can find your favorite WIRED shows and new episodes of our latest hit series Tradecraft.

ABOUT WIRED
WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. Through thought-provoking stories and videos, WIRED explores the future of business, innovation, and culture.

NASA Astronaut Breaks Down Space Scenes From Film & TV | WIRED

What's different about sleeping in space? Former NASA astronaut Mike Massimino breaks down all the differences between sleeping on Earth and sleeping in space. Is there a difference between sleeping upside down and sleeping right-side up? Do you get your own bedroom? What kind of alarm clock does an astronaut use?

Mike Massimino is a former NASA astronaut, senior advisor for space programs at the Intrepid Museum, and professor at Columbia University.

Still haven’t subscribed to WIRED on YouTube? ►► http://wrd.cm/15fP7B7
Get more incredible stories on science and tech with our daily newsletter: https://wrd.cm/DailyYT

Also, check out the free WIRED channel on Roku, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Android TV. Here you can find your favorite WIRED shows and new episodes of our latest hit series Tradecraft.

ABOUT WIRED
WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. Through thought-provoking stories and videos, WIRED explores the future of business, innovation, and culture.

Former NASA Astronaut Explains How Sleep Is Different in Space | WIRED

Fifty years to the day that humans stepped on the Moon in a giant leap for humanity, three space travelers are launching to our orbiting laboratory. NASA’s Andrew Morgan, Roscosmos’ Alexander Skvortsov and European Space Agency’s Luca Parmitano will launch at 12:28 p.m. EDT aboard the Soyuz MS-13 rocket for a six journey journey to the International Space Station. Tune in starting at 11:30 a.m. EDT to see launch coverage:

Daniel Calveti y Shari Calveti - Como Orar por la esposa