Top Vídeos
Check out Origin of Everything: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCiB8h9jD2Mlxx96ZF
Today, our closest evolutionary relatives, the apes, live only in small pockets of Africa and Asia. But back in the Miocene epoch, apes occupied all of Europe. Why aren’t there wild apes in Europe today?
Special thanks to https://AfricanFossils.org for allowing us to use their images of Proconsul and Ekembo fossils.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, سلطان الخليفي, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
https://anthropology.utoronto.....ca/Faculty/Begun/beg
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/res....earch/climate-and-hu
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fo....ssils/miocene/graeco
https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qBoqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oyYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2472,5867929&dq=oreopithecus&hl=en
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../science-nature/huma
http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/14529649
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23280922
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/350/6260/aab
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28012461
https://www.nature.com/articles/382349a0
https://anthropology.utoronto.....ca/Faculty/Begun/han
https://anthropology.utoronto.....ca/Faculty/Begun/cra
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532017000700003
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC30783
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24242778
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://www.sajs.co.za/article/view/5149
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/327/5965/532
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.o....rg/gsa/geology/artic
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.o....rg/88f2/1ff1b2196d32
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/....10.2110/palo.2004.p0
http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en..../periodiques/geodive
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26932906
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12069506
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23473739
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11333976
In the aftermath of a 8 – 20 solar mass star’s demise we find a weird little object known as a neutron star. Neutrons stars are incredibly dense, spin rapidly, and have very strong magnetic fields. Some of them we see as pulsars, flashing in brightness as they spin. Neutrons stars with the strongest magnetic fields are called magnetars, and are capable of colossal bursts of energy that can be detected over vast distances.
Crash Course Astronomy Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron
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Table of Contents
A Star Can Collapse to Form a Neutron Star 0:59
Neutron Star Characteristics 2:24
Pulsars 5:56
Magnetars 8:15
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PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Star Burst https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-....bin/details.cgi?aid= [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
X-ray Images of G292.0+1.8 http://chandra.harvard.edu/res....ources/animations/sn [credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Penn State/S.Park et al.; Optical: Pal.Obs. DSS]
Neutron star cross section https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Neutron_st [credit: NASA]
Fermi Spots 'Superflares' in the Crab Nebula https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDhdwgK218E [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center]
What is a pulsar? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjLk_72V9Bw [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Jocelyn Bell http://blog.sciencemuseum.org.....uk/insight/2013/03/2 [credit: National Media Museum / Science & Society Picture Library]
Beacons of X-ray Light https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p2OGc6a_TQ [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech]
Chandra Time-Lapse Movie http://chandra.harvard.edu/pho....to/2002/0052/animati [credit: NASA/CXC/ASU/J.Hester et al.]
NASA's Fermi Satellite Finds Hints of Starquakes in Magnetar 'Storm' http://www.nasa.gov/content/go....ddard/nasas-fermi-sa [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/S. Wiessinger]
NASA's Swift Reveals New Phenomenon in a Neutron Star http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pa....ges/swift/bursts/new [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]
Cosmic Explosion Second Only to the Sun in Brightness https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-....bin/details.cgi?aid= [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! Visit http://dft.ba/-CCWHDVD to buy a set for your home or classroom.
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In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War as it unfolded in Asia. As John pointed out last week, the Cold War was occasionally hot, and a lot of that heat was generated in Asia. This is starting to sound weird with the hot/cold thing, so let's just say that the United States struggle against communist expansion escalated to full-blown, boots on the ground war in Korea and Vietnam. In both of these cases, the United States sent soldiers to intervene in civil wars that it looked like communists might win. That's a bit of a simplification, but John will explain it all to you.
Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. While The Vietnam War was happening very far away from home, it had a major impact on American soldiers and civilians: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/introduction-to-th
Americans with televisions had the war broadcasted right into their living rooms, leading to an immense Vietnam War resistance effort: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/resistance-to-the-
Subbable Message! Patreon subscribers can choose a message in the video info as their perk. Here's this week's:
To Ellen, from Charles: I love you, you are the best. Arrr.
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Today we are introducing a new area of philosophy – philosophy of religion. We are starting this unit off with Anselm’s argument for God’s existence, while also considering objections to that argument.
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“That’s a Neigh” David Goehring https://www.flickr.com/photos/carbonnyc/8757020626
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This week we explore final ethical theory in this unit: Aristotle’s virtue theory. Hank explains the Golden Mean, and how it exists as the midpoint between vices of excess and deficiency. We’ll also discuss moral exemplars, and introduce the concept of “eudaimonia.”
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So, who was this Presocrates guy? Just kidding!
Long ago, some philosophers worked very hard to separate myths from what they actually knew about nature.
Thales theorized that everything in the world is made of water. Pythagoras was a mathematical-mystical vegetarian. And Democritus, we all know and love as the Atom Guy…
Meet the Presocratics!
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Hank talks about population genetics, which helps to explain the evolution of populations over time by combing the principles of Mendel and Darwin, and by means of the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2HbN
Table of Contents:
1. Population Genetics 1:05
2. Population 1:14
3. Allele Frequency 1:41
4. 5 Factors 1:58
a) Natural Selection 2:12
b) Natural Selection/Random Mating 2:27
c) Mutation 3:18
d) Genetic Drift 3:49
e) Gene Flow 4:05
5. Hardy-Weinberg Principle 4:45
6. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 5:15
7. Hardy-Weinberg Equation 6:18
gregor mendel, heredity, genetics, charles darwin, natural selection, evolution, offspring, population genetics, species, population, generation, allele frequency, allele, selective pressure, sexual selection, non-random mating, preferred traits, fitness, mutation, DNA, genetic drift, chance, gene flow, immigration, emigration, godfrey hardy, wilhelm weinberg, hardy-weinberg equation, hardy-weinberg equilibrium, phenotype, genotype, earwax, mendelian trait, homozygous, heterozygous, evolutionary biology
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In which John Green teaches you about the fall of the Roman Empire, which happened considerably later than you may have been told. While the Western Roman Empire fell to barbarians in 476 CE, the Byzantines in Constantinople continued the Eastern Empire nicely, calling themselves Romans for a further 1000 years. Find out what Justinian and the rest of the Byzantine emperors were up to over there, and how the Roman Empire dragged out its famous Decline well into medieval times. In addition to all this, you'll learn about ancient sports riots and hipster barbarians, too.
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In which John Green returns for a dystopian new season of Crash Course Literature! We're starting with George Orwell's classic look at the totalitarian state that could be in post-war England. Winston Smith is under the eye of Big Brother, and making us think about surveillance, the role of government, and how language can play a huge part in repressive regimes.
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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Jessica Wode, Cami Wilson, Eric Prestemon, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Kathrin Janßen, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Jason A Saslow, Steve Marshall
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•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO : Phoebe and James McMullan
FROM : Dad
Continue being awesome Phoebe & James from John & Hank!
***
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***
Today on Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank breaks down the parts and functions of one of your body's unsung heroes: your epithelial tissue.
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Table of Contents:
Epithelial Tissue Creates Inner & Outer Boundaries 2:19.3
Layering: Simple or Stratefied 5:26
Shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar 3:34.5
Epithelial Cells Are Polar 7:17.4
Apical & Basal Sides 7:22
Selectively Permeable 7:43
Glandular Epithelial Tissue Forms Endocrine & Exocrine Glands 8:20.3
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The majority of the universe is made up of a currently mysterious entity that pervades space: dark energy. We don’t know exactly what it is, but we do know that dark energy accelerates the expansion of space. We think this means the Universe will expand forever, even as our view of it shrinks while space expands faster all the time.
Crash Course Astronomy Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-astron
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GEOMETRY OF THE UNIVERSE RESOURCES
Geometry:
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/c....osmo/lectures/lec15.
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov..../docs/StarChild/ques
Expanding faster than light:
http://curious.astro.cornell.e....du/legal-information
General expansion:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Metric_expansion_of_
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Table of Contents
Majority of the Universe is Made of Dark Energy 4:35
Dark Energy Accelerates the Expansion of Space 3:42
We Think The Universe Will Expand Forever 5:20
--
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--
PHOTOS/VIDEOS
The Big Bang http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA]
Collision Scenario for Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy Encounter http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/654284main_i122 [credit: NASA; ESA; A. Feild and R. van der Marel, STScI]
Artist's impression of vampire star http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/astro_bn/ [credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser]
Host Galaxies of Distant Supernovae http://www.nasa.gov/sites/defa....ult/files/images/593 [credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Riess (STScl)]
Dark Energy Expands the Universe http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA]
Expanding Universe http://www.spacetelescope.org/....videos/hst15_expandi [credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)]
Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2014 http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, H. Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC/Caltech), A. Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State University), and Z. Levay (STScI)]
Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
***
Not sleeping for days on end. Long periods of euphoria. Racing thoughts. Grandiose ideas. Mania. Depression. All of these are symptoms of Bipolar Disorder. In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank talks about mood disorders and their causes as well as how these disorders can impact people's lives.
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Table of Contents:
What are Mood Disorders? 1:05
Symptoms of Depressive & Bipolar Disorders 2:00
Biological, Genetic, Environmental, & Social-Cognitive
Causes of Mood Disorders 5:47
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Last week we introduced Thomas Aquinas’s four cosmological arguments for the existence of god; today we introduce his fifth argument: the teleological argument, and the ensuing dialogue it initiated.
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Bokeh Spiral by Eric Wüstenhagen: https://www.flickr.com/photos/eriwst/2987739376
Gusano alambre (wireworms) by jacinta lluch valero: https://www.flickr.com/photos/....70626035@N00/8817671
Experimental by Peter Klashorst: https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Baby_playi
Flightless Cormorant by Mike Weston: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mikeweston/331214460
All other images via Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons by 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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Today Phil explores the world of tides! What is the relationship between tides and gravity? How do planets and their moons become tidally locked? What would happen if you were 300km tall? Important questions.
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Gravity Over Distance 0:44
Tidal Force Parameters 1:35
Battle of the Bulges 2:55
Tidal Lock 6:17
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PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS
Photo & video credit: "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio"
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=4 Photo credit: "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio"
https://www.flickr.com/photos/....gsfc/8556665115/in/p
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1
The Hopewell Rocks - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnDJ6_XpGfo
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In which John Green teaches you about the early days of the Civil Rights movement. By way of providing context for this, John also talks a bit about wider America in the 1950s. The 1950s are a deeply nostalgic period for many Americans, but there is more than a little idealizing going on here. The 1950s were a time of economic expansion, new technologies, and a growing middle class. America was becoming a suburban nation thanks to cookie-cutter housing developments like the Levittowns. While the white working class saw their wages and status improve, the proverbial rising tide wasn't lifting all proverbial ships. A lot of people were excluded from the prosperity of the 1950s. Segregation in housing and education made for some serious inequality for African Americans. As a result, the Civil Rights movement was born. John will talk about the early careers of Martin Luther King, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, and even Earl Warren. He'll teach you about Brown v Board of Education, and the lesser known Mendez vs Westminster, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and all kinds of other stuff.
Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! Visit http://dft.ba/-CCWHDVD to buy a set for your home or classroom.
Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. The Civil Rights Movement gained national attention with the murder of Emmett Till in 1955: https://www.commonlit.org/texts/emmett-till
That same year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus, beginning the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/rosa-parks-and-the
A young preacher named Martin Luther King Jr. gained national fame rallying support for the Montgomery bus boycott: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/martin-luther-king
The end of segregation also began in the South with the Showdown in Little Rock in 1957: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/showdown-in-little
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In which John Green teaches you about the European Renaissance. European learning changed the world in the 15th and 16th century, but was it a cultural revolution, or an evolution? We'd argue that any cultural shift that occurs over a couple of hundred years isn't too overwhelming to the people who live through it. In retrospect though, the cultural bloom in Europe during this time was pretty impressive. In addition to investigating what caused the Renaissance and who benefitted from the changes that occurred, John will tell you just how the Ninja Turtles got mixed up in all this.
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In which John Green teaches you how Russia evolved from a loose amalgamation of medieval principalities known as the Kievan Rus into the thriving democracy we know today. As you can imagine, there were a few bumps along the road. It turns out, our old friends the Mongols had quite a lot to do with unifying Russia. In yet another example of how surprisingly organized nomadic raiders can be, the Mongols brought the Kievan Rus together under a single leadership, and concentrated power in Moscow. This set the stage for the various Ivans (the Great and the Terrible) to throw off the yoke and form a pan-Russian nation ruled by an autocratic leader. More than 500 years later, we still have autocratic leadership in Russia. All this, plus a rundown of some of our favorite atrocities of Ivan the Terrible, and a visit from Putin!
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After weeks of exploring the existence of nature of god, today Hank explores one of the biggest problems in theism, and possibly the biggest philosophical question humanity faces: why is there evil?
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Have you ever noticed how easy it is to get distracted while studying – even when you know you really don’t have time for Facebook, Snapchat, Cookie Clicker, or whatever else is calling you? This week we’re going to help you get a better handle on your focus and concentration and how to improve those skills.
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Resources:
Bottom-up and top-down attention: different processes and overlapping neural systems: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24362813
How to create a dedicated study space in your room: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JDkNOSUK1w
Cold Turkey: https://getcoldturkey.com/
StayFocusd: https://chrome.google.com/webs....tore/detail/stayfocu
Forest: https://www.forestapp.cc/en/
Why Breaks are So Important: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkraRj8uAYQ
Deep Work by Cal Newport: http://calnewport.com/books/deep-work/
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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Les Aker, Bob Kunz, Mark Austin, William McGraw, Jeffrey Thompson, Ruth Perez, Jason A Saslow, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Eric Prestemon, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, Rachel Bright, Khaled El Shalakany, Ian Dundore, Tim Curwick, Ken Penttinen, Dominic Dos Santos, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, Kathrin Janßen, Nathan Taylor, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, Chris Peters, Kathy & Tim Philip, Mayumi Maeda, Eric Kitchen, SR Foxley, Tom Trval, Cami Wilson, Moritz Schmidt, Jessica Wode, Daniel Baulig, Jirat
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In which Craig Benzine teaches you about the US Governments Separation of powers and the system of checks and balances. In theory, the Legislative Branch, the Executive Branch, and the Judicial Brach are designed to keep each other in check, and to keep any branch from becoming too powerful. In reality, the system was designed to keep the president from becoming some kind of autocrat. For the most part, it has worked. Craig will call in the clones to explain which powers belong to which branches, and to reveal some secret perks that the Supreme Court justices enjoy.
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