Stained glass is thicker at the bottom - so is it a liquid? Earth's mantle enables plate tectonics, so is it a liquid?
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Sign up for the mailing list: http://www.veritasium.com
Pitch drop experiment: http://www.thetenthwatch.com

Thanks to Meg Rosenburg for scripting and animation, Raquel Nuno for filming and Aaron White for script consultation.

Epigenetics means women have different active x-chromosomes in different cells. Animation courtesy of http://wehi.tv
Music by Amarante: http://bit.ly/VeAmarante
Animation: Etsuko Uno
Art and Technical Direction: Drew Berry
Sound Design: Francois Tetaz & Emma Bortignon
Scientific Consultation: Marnie Blewitt
Courtesy of Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research: http://wehi.tv

When a female embryo is four days old it consists of just 100 cells. At this point the x-chromosome from Mom and the one from Dad are both active. But in order for proper development to occur, one of the x chromosomes must be switched off.

Through a tiny molecular battle within each cell, one of the x-chromosomes wins and remains active while the loser is deactivated.

This is done by wrapping the DNA tighter around proteins, modifying histone tails, and DNA methylation - molecular markers to indicate this DNA should not be read.

What's surprising is that it's pretty random which x chromosome wins - sometimes it's Mom's and sometimes it's Dad's. So when a female is just 100 cells big, her cells have a mix of active x-chromosomes, some from Mom and some from Dad.

Explanations for http://youtu.be/1Xp_imnO6WE
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For more on deflecting polar streams with electric fields, see:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed077p1520


I'm in Hobart for a live show on Friday at UTAS followed by gigs in Sydney and Canberra next weekend.

In a zero-g plane I experimented with flames and slinkies with surprising results.
Check out e-penser's video: http://ve42.co/EPzeroG
Check out Physicsgirl's video: http://ve42.co/PGzeroG

Thanks to Novespace: http://ve42.co/novespace

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Nick Luchsinger, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

The zero-g plane allows for a lot of experiments to be conducted without the expense of getting equipment into orbit. Apparently 80% of microgravity research can be performed in a zero-gravity plane, which is much cheaper than going to space. The flame from the lighter seemed much lazier in zero-g because without weight there is no buoyant force and therefore no convection. This makes the process of combustion more challenging because it's difficult for oxygen to reach the fuel.

Music from the Epidemic Sound: http://ve42.co/epidemic
"Serene Story 2" "In Orbit 2"

A rare look inside the Svalbard Global Seed Vault which is closed ~350 days a year
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
More info on the seed vault: http://wke.lt/w/s/EKFlK
My trip to Norway was funded by Screen Australia, Film Victoria and Genepool Productions as part of a new project. More information soon.

Special thanks to Bente Naeverdal and the Crop Trust: https://www.croptrust.org

The nutrient content of food is declining. Is it because of soil depletion, selective breeding, or... something else?
Watch my new documentary, VITAMANIA: http://ve42.co/vita

I came across this story as I was making the film Vitamania. When you ask sellers of vitamins why you should take vitamin supplements even if you eat a healthy diet, they will say because our food doesn't contain all the nutrients it once did. This is supposedly due to soil depletion, cold storage, food ripening off the vine, and global transport of out-of-season foods. And to an extent this is true. Foods contain the greatest amount of nutrients if they are eaten soon after they are harvested. An unexpected source of nutrient decline is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It causes plants to grow faster and bulk up on carbs but at the expense of other nutrients, so in percentage terms the amount of nutrients are actually declining. For now this decline is modest so supplementing with vitamin pills is probably unnecessary for most people with a healthy diet but it may be a concern in future.

Thanks to Kate Pappas & Chris Kamen for writing, producing and filming this video with me
Edited by Lucy McCallum
Sound mix by Wayne Hyett
Fact Checking by Calvin Lee and Claire Smith
Thanks to the Collingwood Children’s Farm and Glenn Fitzgerald from the University of Melbourne & Agriculture Victoria

Further Reading:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....ubmed/15637215/?ncbi
http://soils.wisc.edu/facstaff..../barak/poster_galler
https://www.politico.com/agend....a/story/2017/09/13/f
http://www.abc.net.au/news/201....8-05-24/scientists-w

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration observed the supermassive black hole at the center of M87, finding the dark central shadow in accordance with General Relativity, further demonstrating the power of this 100 year-old theory.

To understand more about why the shadows look the way they do, check out: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUyH3XhpLTo

I will continue updating this description with more links.

Event Horizon Telescope collaboration: https://ve42.co/EHT

Animations and simulations with English text:
L. R. Weih & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)
https://youtu.be/jvftAadCFRI

Video of observation of M87 courtesy of:
C. M. Fromm, Y. Mizuno & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)
https://youtu.be/meOKmzhTcIY

Video of observation of SgrA* courtesy of
C. M. Fromm, Y. Mizuno & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)
Z. Younsi (University College London)
https://youtu.be/VnsZj9RvhFU

Video of telescopes in the array 2017:
C. M. Fromm & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)
https://youtu.be/Ame7fzBuFnk

Animations and simulations (no text):
L. R. Weih & L. Rezzolla (Goethe University Frankfurt)
https://youtu.be/XmvpKFSvB7A

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Donal Botkin, Michael Krugman, Ron Neal, Stan Presolski, Terrance Shepherd, Penward Rhyme

Scale animation by Maria Raykova

As a Canadian-Australian, I have always wondered why it is that Australia has so many venomous animals that can kill you while Canada has virtually none.
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But it's not just Australia - it seems like all beautiful, warm places are cursed with venomous native species. So I set out to find the truth: why have all these venomous species evolved in the world's best holiday destinations?

I asked chemists, visited the zoo, interviewed entomologists and snake experts. The answer I found was complicated:
1. The majority of venomous species are ectotherms, cold-blooded creatures whose internal temperatures are governed by their surroundings.
2. This means they have limited periods of activity - mainly while it's warm out, and can only exert short bursts of energy, so they are generally "sit and wait" predators. This may explain why they, more than mammals or birds, evolved venom.
3. It also explains why there are more of these species in warm climates. There are more of all species in warm climates, but this trend is especially pronounced for ectotherms.
4. So there are a greater number of venomous species in warm places, simply because there are more species in warm places. Cold climates still have venomous creatures, like the rattlesnakes of Canada and European vipers.
5. But history also has a role to play. In Australia, there were no snakes until 20 million years ago when a venomous sea snake from Asia encountered the land, sending venomous species to all corners of the continent. Later non-venomous arrivals have done well in the tropics but not as well in Australia's colder climates, so venomous types still dominate there. Hawaii has no venomous land snakes and nor does Jamaica.
6. The recent ice age also would have driven ectotherms from the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. This is why there are no snakes in Ireland, for example.

Special thanks to Prof. Rick Shine, Prof. Dieter Hochuli, Prof. Roger Lowe, Prof. Martyn Poliakoff and Taronga Zoo, especially Joe Haddock and Dean Purcell.

Cinematography by Charles Clement

Electric cars are now ready to take over thanks to advances in battery technology and their inherent benefits: torque, handling, maintenance. This video was sponsored by BMW: https://www.bmwusa.com/

Full disclosure: I drive an #electric #car. I think electric cars are the future, not mainly because they're better for the environment (which they are if you drive the car for any reasonable length of time) but because they are just better cars. The have better torque and acceleration, better handling, they're more efficient, quieter, they don't smell, they're cheaper to run and best of all you never have to visit a gas station - this appeals to me. I never have to worry about being low on gas because every morning my car is charged and ready to go - just like my phone and laptop. And if you're worried about range, don't. Almost all trips can already be done in an electric car with modest battery pack. And fast chargers along the way make it possible to do longer road trips if necessary. You have to make rest stops anyway, just time them with the charging. And consider that battery tech is getting dramatically cheaper, smaller, lighter. All these reasons are why I see the #future of cars as electric.

Writing & Research
Derek Muller
Jonny Hyman
Matthew Shribman https://ve42.co/sciencebath

Editing, Animation, Audio, & Music:
Jonny Hyman

Camerawork:
Raquel Nuno
Jonny Hyman

1890s Music "National fantasie" by William Paris Chambers, archived in Library of Congress
#BMWUSA #NEXTGen #BMWPartner #ad

2011 is the international year of Chemistry. But what do Australians know about it?

If the sun were entirely made of protons, how many would there be in the sun? How can this be worked out using the Google search field?

What happens when a slinky that has been extended under its own weight is released? How does it fall to the ground? Answer link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCMmmEEyOO0

At the jumper's fastest point, the acceleration is by definition zero. That is because the jumper is going from speeding up to slowing down. At this instant then there is no change in the jumper's velocity. This is counter-intuitive for a lot of people because it's easy to confuse velocity with acceleration. Velocity is how fast something goes while acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes.

http://www.youtube.com/spacelab gives you an opportunity to design an experiment to be performed in space! If you're between the ages of 14-18, make a 2 minute youtube video proposing an experiment to be performed in zero g. Your video will be assessed by a panel of experts with the winner having their experiment performed in space and broadcast live to the world.

Do we need more diversity in online video?
NOTE: the free one-year membership offer has now expired. You can receive a free month trial at: http://vessel.com/science
Watch the MinutePhysics announcement: http://bit.ly/1GbKtTi

Thanks to Whole Foods UCLA for allowing us to film their potatoes and Zach T for filming.

What's different about sleeping in space? Former NASA astronaut Mike Massimino breaks down all the differences between sleeping on Earth and sleeping in space. Is there a difference between sleeping upside down and sleeping right-side up? Do you get your own bedroom? What kind of alarm clock does an astronaut use?

Mike Massimino is a former NASA astronaut, senior advisor for space programs at the Intrepid Museum, and professor at Columbia University.

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ABOUT WIRED
WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. Through thought-provoking stories and videos, WIRED explores the future of business, innovation, and culture.

Former NASA Astronaut Explains How Sleep Is Different in Space | WIRED

On Monday, Jan. 20 starting at 6:50 a.m. EST, NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch will step outside of the International Space Station into the vacuum of space together. The duo will wrap up the work of installing new lithium-ion batteries to upgrade the orbiting lab’s power systems. The spacewalk is scheduled to last about six-and-a-half hours.

What's different about food in space? Former NASA astronaut Mike Massimino breaks down all the differences between eating on Earth and eating in space. Is astronaut ice cream REALLY a thing? Who decides what food is brought to space? Can you eat burgers in space? Why do astronauts use tortillas instead of bread?

Mike Massimino is a former NASA astronaut, senior advisor for space programs at the Intrepid Museum, and professor at Columbia University.

Still haven’t subscribed to WIRED on YouTube? ►► http://wrd.cm/15fP7B7
Get more incredible stories on science and tech with our daily newsletter: https://wrd.cm/DailyYT

Also, check out the free WIRED channel on Roku, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, and Android TV. Here you can find your favorite WIRED shows and new episodes of our latest hit series Tradecraft.

ABOUT WIRED
WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. Through thought-provoking stories and videos, WIRED explores the future of business, innovation, and culture.

Former NASA Astronaut Explains How Food Is Different in Space | WIRED

Formula One World Champion visited NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston on his day off to live a boyhood dream ahead of the United States Grand Prix. Narrated by Will Buxton. Edited by http://www.apex.one

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Letra de Mi mundo necesita de ti de Daniel Calveti
Se que tienes, mucho que atender
Pero mi mundo se destruye y no sabemos que hacer…

Alguien me dijo, que una oración la diferencia puede hacer
Por eso vine a ti
Por que este mundo es mi casa, necesitamos de ti…

Tengo fe en ti, creo que las cosas, pueden cambiar
El mundo llora aquí pero tú nos puedes volver hacer reír……

//tu que estas allá y nosotros aquí
Ven visítanos te ruego haz nos sonreír…//

Tengo fe en ti, creo que las cosas, pueden cambiar
El mundo llora aquí pero tú nos puedes volver hacer reír……

Tú que estas allá y nosotros aquí
Ven visítanos te ruego haz nos sonreír…

Tú que estas allá y nosotros aquí
Ven visítanos te ruego haz nos sonreír…

Tú que estas allá….