Oil on silver leaf - 20 x 20 cm (7,9 x 7,9 inches)

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie

▷ For prints and original paintings please visit https://dariacallie.com/store/


Reference photo: https://www.patreon.com/posts/....oil-on-silver-172479

CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie/
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Website: https://www.dariacallie.com/


Materials used:
• Oil paints - "Nevskaya palitra"
Colors: Burnt Umber, Cadmium Yellow Pale, Ultramarine Blue, Cadmium Red and Titanium White.
In addition I have a couple of colors that I use sometimes: Ivory Black, Celestial Blue and Cobalt Violet Deep.
• Primed 280gsm paper
• Silver leaf
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes - Detail brushes & Filbert synthetic brushes of different sizes
• Glass palette (homemade)
• Palette knife (from a local art-store)
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)


Music by the amazing Liam J Hennessy
https://soundcloud.com/liamjhennessy/beacons

In this painting demo I show how to paint lips with oils.

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie

Sketches: https://www.dropbox.com/s/zkny....4klg3snp2pk/Lips.jpg


▷ For prints and original paintings please visit https://dariacallie.com/store/

CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt/
Website: http://www.dariacallie.com/


Materials used:

• Oil paints - Nevskaya palitra
Colors: Burnt umber, Cadmium Yellow, Ultramarine Blue, Cadmium Red and Titanium White.
(I have a color-mixing video where I explain how I premix my palette - https://youtu.be/kKT1gXBC_L4 )
In addition I have a couple of colors that I use sometimes: Ivory Black, Celestial Blue and Cobalt Violet Deep.
• Acrylic primer
• Paper 30 x 30 cm (12 x 12 inches) 280gsm
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes - Detail brushes & Filbert synthetic brushes of different sizes
• Glass palettes (homemade)
• Palette knife (from a local art-store)
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)


Music by the incredible A. Taylor
https://soundcloud.com/a-taylor

In this painting demo I show how I paint hair with oils

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie

▷ For prints and original paintings please visit https://dariacallie.com/store/


CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt/
Website: https://www.dariacallie.com/


Materials used:
• Oil paints - "Nevskaya palitra"
Colors: Burnt Umber, Cadmium Yellow Pale, Ultramarine Blue, Cadmium Red and Titanium White.
In addition I have a couple of colors that I use sometimes: Ivory Black, Celestial Blue and Cobalt Violet Deep.
• Primed 280gsm paper
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes - Detail brushes & Filbert synthetic brushes of different sizes
• Glass palette (homemade)
• Palette knife (from a local art-store)
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)


Music: “Home” by Amarante (Instrumental version)
https://soundcloud.com/amarantemusic

In this video I show the process of working on an oil painting titled “Silver lining” - 52 x 65 cm

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie/overview


CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt
Website: https://www.dariacallie.com

Commissions: closed.


Materials used:
• Oil paints "Nevskaya palitra"
• Frosted acrylic panel
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes
• Glass palette
• Palette knife
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)

More information about supplies I use: https://www.patreon.com/posts/....where-to-start-21960



Music: "Håller Mig" by Joachim Heinrich
https://soundcloud.com/joachimheinrich/haller-mig

In this video I show the process of working on an oil painting titled "Chasing Dreams" - 80 x 100 cm

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie/overview


CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt
Website: https://www.dariacallie.com

Commissions: closed.


Materials used:
• Oil paints "Nevskaya palitra"
• Frosted acrylic panel
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes
• Glass palette
• Palette knife
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)

More information about supplies I use: https://www.patreon.com/posts/....where-to-start-21960



Music: "Windlicht" by Joachim Heinrich
https://soundcloud.com/joachimheinrich/windlicht

We all belong to the only group of hominins on the planet today. But we weren’t always alone. 100,000 years ago, Eurasia was home to other hominin species, some of which we know our ancestors met, and spent some quality time with.

Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Fabrizio de Rossi from Studio 252mya for their wonderful hominin illustrations. You can find more of their work here: https://252mya.com/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, MissyElliottSmith, The Scintillating Spencer, AA, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

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References: https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1h8iVAIugVPfxOc

You can go to https://wix.com/go/eons to get started on your website!

A huge and diverse subfamily of dogs, the bone-crushers patrolled North America for more than thirty million years, before they disappeared in the not-too-distant past. So what happened to the biggest dogs that ever lived?

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Kelby Reid, Steph Summerfield, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
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References:
Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History by Xiaoming Wang & Richard H. Tedford.
The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals by Donald Prothero.
Evolution of Tertiary Mammals in North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals edited by Christine M. Janis.
The Skeleton of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae): Morphology and Function by Kathleen Munthe.
Vertebrates: Structures and Functions by S.M. Kisia.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC45072
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org..../bitstream/handle/22
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC59369
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26285033
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267156822_Phylogenetic_systematics_of_the_Borophaginae_Carnivora_Canidae?enrichId=rgreq-d5b9b9334f3e7d5206bb87428d1dc7db-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2NzE1NjgyMjtBUzoxNTQ5NTc4MzE0NzkyOTZAMTQxMzk1NjIzNDUyOA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC59639
https://www.cambridge.org/core..../journals/journal-of
http://www.naturalhistorymag.c....om/htmlsite/0708/070

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Check out Two Cents: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCL8w_A8p8P1HWI3k6

Due to an odd quirk of genetics and some unique evolutionary circumstances, two humans who lived at different times in the distant past managed to pass on a very small fraction of their genomes to you. And to me. To all of us.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow
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References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC33345
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC32671
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.o....rg/f4ee/6bfac21f39ac
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC58921
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC40321
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC55008
http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC54183
http://ase.tufts.edu/chemistry..../hhmi/documents/Prot
http://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjorda....n/resources/clarific
https://www.cell.com/action/sh....owPdf?pii=S0960-9822
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC43679
https://www.cell.com/action/sh....owPdf?pii=S0002-9297
https://www.newscientist.com/a....rticle/mg22429904-50
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../science-nature/no-m
https://www.nature.com/news/ge....netic-adam-and-eve-d
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC55252
https://www.hhmi.org/biointera....ctive/evolution-y-ch
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16018
https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg2012154
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/a....rticle/27/8/1833/988
https://www.nature.com/articles/325031a0
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC26949
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC43815
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28086175

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Fossilized footprints have proved that human ancestors were already striding across the landscape 3.6 million years ago. But who started them on that path? What species pioneered this style of locomotion? Who was the first to walk?

Check out our new sticker! https://store.dftba.com/collec....tions/all/products/e

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/

References:
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/behavior/footp
https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../science-nature/beco
https://www.nature.com/news/20....07/070716/full/news0
Dericquebourg, P., Person, A., Ségalen, L., Pickford, M., Senut, B., & Fagel, N. (2015). Environmental significance of Upper Miocene phosphorites at hominid sites in the Lukeino Formation (Tugen Hills, Kenya). Sedimentary Geology, 327, 43-54.
Thorpe, S. K., McClymont, J. M., & Crompton, R. H. (2014). The arboreal origins of human bipedalism. Antiquity, 88(341), 906-914.
Harcourt-Smith, W. H. (2010). The first hominins and the origins of bipedalism. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 3(3), 333-340.
Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Lieberman, D. E., Likius, A., Mackaye, H. T., ... & Vignaud, P. (2005). New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Nature, 434(7034), 752.
Richmond, B. G., & Jungers, W. L. (2008). Orrorin tugenensis femoral morphology and the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Science, 319(5870), 1662-1665.
Begun, D. R. (2004). The earliest hominins--is less more?. Science, 303(5663), 1478-1480.
Lovejoy, C. O., Latimer, B., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., & White, T. D. (2009). Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus. Science, 326(5949), 72-72e8.
Lovejoy, C. O., Suwa, G., Spurlock, L., Asfaw, B., & White, T. D. (2009). The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking. Science, 326(5949), 71-71e6.
White, T. D., Suwa, G., & Asfaw, B. (1994). Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature, 371(6495), 306.
Leakey, M. G., Feibel, C. S., McDougall, I., & Walker, A. (1995). New four-million-year-old hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature, 376(6541), 565.
White, T. D., WoldeGabriel, G., Asfaw, B., Ambrose, S., Beyene, Y., Bernor, R. L., ... & Hart, W. K. (2006). Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus. Nature, 440(7086), 883.
Masao, F. T., Ichumbaki, E. B., Cherin, M., Barili, A., Boschian, G., Iurino, D. A., ... & Manzi, G. (2016). New footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania) provide evidence for marked body size variation in early hominins. elife, 5, e19568.
Almécija, S., Tallman, M., Alba, D. M., Pina, M., Moyà-Solà, S., & Jungers, W. L. (2013). The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications, 4, 2888.

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References:
IMAGE: Horseshoe crab
https://pixnio.com/fauna-anima....ls/crabs-and-lobster
IMAGE: Trilobite https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Megalaspides_01.jpg?fastcci_from=204367&c1=204367&c2=3618826&d1=15&d2=0&s=200
IMAGE: Arthropod family Tree
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
And although horseshoe crabs made it to modern times and trilobites didn’t, they both have ancient beginnings. The oldest known trilobite is ~540 million years old, but the horseshoe crabs weren’t far behind with the earliest example showing up ~445 million years ago. So technically just looking at a horseshoe crab you’re looking back millions of years into the past.
SOURCE: http://www.igme.es/museo/trilo....08/archivos/TRILOBIT (oldest trilobites)
SOURCE: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1111/j.1475- (oldest horseshoe crabs)

IMAGE: bird skull https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73....400/73460/73460_skul
IMAGE: reptile skull (Px = premaxilla) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Jugal_bone#/media/Fi

IMAGE: Limusaurus https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Limusaurus
Source: http://b3.ifrm.com/30233/130/0..../p3001488/PIIS096098

IMAGE: Archaeornithura https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Archaeorni
MAGE: Archaeopteryx https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Archaeopte

SOURCE: Paleo Art
https://naturalhistory.si.edu/....exhibits/backyard-di
SOURCE: Digital reconstruction https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC50989

IMAGE: fossilization https://www.nature.com/scienti....ficamerican/journal/
SOURCE: fossilization
http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo3xx/geo308/FoldersOnServer/2003/1fossil&taph&ichno.htm
SOURCE: Anthropocene
http://environment.harvard.edu..../news/faculty-news/h

This week Craig talks about police searches and seizures. Now, the fourth amendment says that you have the right to be protected against "unreasonable searches and seizures" but what exactly does this mean? Well, it's complicated. The police often need warrants issued with proof of probable cause, but this isn't always the case - such as when you're pulled over for a moving violation. We'll finish up with the limitations of these protections and discuss one group of people in particular that aren't protected equally - students.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Support is provided by Voqal: http://www.voqal.org

All attributed images are licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution 2.0

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...

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Gases are everywhere, and this is good news and bad news for chemists. The good news: when they are behaving themselves, it's extremely easy to describe their behavior theoretically, experimentally and mathematically. The bad news is they almost never behave themselves.
In this episode of Crash Course Chemistry, Hank tells how the work of some amazing thinkers combined to produce the Ideal Gas Law, how none of those people were Robert Boyle, and how the ideal gas equation allows you to find out pressure, volume, temperature or number of moles. You'll also get a quick introduction to a few jargon-y phrases to help you sound like you know what you're talking about.

Table of Contents
Ideal Gas Law Equation 0:50
Everyone But Robert Boyle 1:35
Ideal Gas Law to Figure Out Things 6:16
Jargon Fun Time 7:46

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In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict.(hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from reins white guys, and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys.

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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In which John Green ACTUALLY teaches about the Civil War. In part one of our two part look at the US Civil War, John looks into the causes of the war, and the motivations of the individuals who went to war. The overarching causes and the individual motivations were not always the same, you see. John also looks into why the North won, and whether that outcome was inevitable. The North's industrial and population advantages are examined, as are the problems of the Confederacy, including its need to build a nation at the same time it was fighting a war. As usual, John doesn't get much into the actual battle by battle breakdown. He does talk a little about the overarching strategy that won the war, and Grant's plan to just overwhelm the South with numbers. Grant took a lot of losses in the latter days of the war, but in the end, it did lead to the surrender of the South. If you want to learn more about the Civil War, we recommend these books:
Battle Cry of Freedom by James McPherson
The Civil War by Shelby Foote

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. There were many causes of the American Civil War and events that led to disunion: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/causes-of-the-amer
Once the war started, its outcome was determined by the different abilities and resources of the divided North and South: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/a-nation-divided-n

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As we wrap up Crash Course Philosophy, we’re using the things we’ve learned to explore big issues like the value of life. Today, we’re discussing abortions in cases of fetal abnormality, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. We will consider the standard of substituted judgment and the values people hold on both sides of these issues—values about the sacredness of life, and the importance of a life of quality, as well as the values of personal liberty and avoiding pain.

Want more Crash Course in person? We'll be at NerdCon: Nerdfighteria in Boston on February 25th and 26th! For more information, go to http://www.nerdconnerdfighteria.com/

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In which John Green teaches you about the Little Ice Age. The Little Ice Age was a period of global cooling that occurred from the 13th to the 19th centuries. This cooling was likely caused by a number of factors, including unusual solar activity and volcanic eruptions. The Little Ice Age greatly impacted human social orders, especially during the 17th century. When the climate changed, and weather became unpredictable, the world changed profoundly. Poor harvests led to hunger, which led to even less productivity, which even resulted in violent upheaval in a lot of places. All this from a little change in the temperature? Definitely.

You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

Read more about The Little Ice Age here: http://www.amazon.com/Global-C....risis-Climate-Catast

How do astronomers make sense out of the vastness of space? How do they study things so far away? Today Phil talks about distances, going back to early astronomy. Ancient Greeks were able to find the size of the Earth, and from that the distance to and the sizes of the Moon and Sun. Once the Earth/Sun distance was found, parallax was used to find the distance to nearby stars, and that was bootstrapped using brightness to determine the distances to much farther stars.

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Table of Contents
Ancient Greeks Finding the Size of the Earth 1:07
Earth/Sun Distance Began Our Use of Parallax 5:39
Brightness Relation to Distance 9:07

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PHOTOS/VIDEOS
Lunar Ecplise http://www.slate.com/content/d....am/slate/blogs/bad_a [credit: Phil Plait]
Venus & Mercury [credit: Phil Plait]
Venus Transit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34mXua1n_FQ [credit: NASA]
Black Drop Venus Transit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....Black_drop_effect#me [credit: Wikimedia Commons, H. Raab, Johannes-Kepler-Observatory]
New Horizons Approaching Pluto and Charon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....New_Horizons#/media/ [credit: NASA/JHU APL/SwRI/Steve Gribben]
Radio Telescopes Diagram http://scitechdaily.com/images..../Radio-Telescopes-Se [credit: Alexandra Angelich, NRAO/AUI/NSF]
61 Cygni https://archive.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/dss_search?v=poss1_red&r=21+06+54.60&d=%2B38+44+44.9&e=J2000&h=30&w=30&f=gif&c=none&fov=NONE&v3= [credit: Caltech / National Geographic Society / STScI]
Proxima Centauri https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1343a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA]
Dying Star http://www.nasa.gov/images/con....tent/64884main_image [credit: NASA, ESA, HEIC, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)]
Exploding Star http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia..../imagegallery/image_ [credit: NASA, ESA, J. Hester, A. Loll (ASU)]
Animation of a Variable Star http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1323j/ [credit: NASA, ESA, M. Kornmesser]
Hubble's High-Definition Panoramic View of the Andromeda Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/newscent....er/archive/releases/ [credit: NASA, ESA, J. Dalcanton, B.F. Williams, and L.C. Johnson (University of Washington), the PHAT team, and R. Gendler]

Today we are taking all the things we have learned this year about doing philosophy and applying that to moral considerations regarding non-human animals. We’ll explore what philosophers like Peter Singer and Carl Cohen have to say about their use, including the concept of equal consideration of interests.

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