Hello, world! Welcome to Crash Course Computer Science! So today, we’re going to take a look at computing’s origins, because even though our digital computers are relatively new, the need for computation is not. Since the start of civilization itself, humans have had an increasing need for special devices to help manage laborious tasks, and as the scale of society continued to grow, these computational devices began to play a crucial role in amplifying our mental abilities. From the abacus and astrolabe to the difference engine and tabulating machine, we’ve come a long way to satisfying this increasing need, and in the process completely transformed commerce, government, and daily life.

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In which John Green teaches you about the presidency of Andrew Jackson So how did a president with astoundingly bad fiscal policies end up on the $20 bill? That's a question we can't answer, but we can tell you how Jackson got to be president, and how he changed the country when he got the job. Jackson's election was more democratic than any previous presidential election. More people were able to vote, and they picked a doozie. Jackson was a well-known war hero, and he was elected over his longtime political enemy, John Quincy Adams. Once Jackson was in office, he did more to expand executive power than any of the previous occupants of the White House. He used armed troops to collect taxes, refused to enforce legislation and supreme court legislation, and hired and fired his staff based on support in elections. He was also the first president to regularly wield the presidential veto as a political tool. Was he a good president? Watch this video and draw your own conclusions. Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. On of Andrew Jackson's most lasting and memorable policies was that of Indian removal: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/andrew-jackson-s-s
Jackson’s promotion of this cause led to the infamous Trail of Tears: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/excerpt-from-trail

Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands which produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.

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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1lsU

Table of Contents
1) Signalling Systems 2:07:0
2) Pituitary 3:19:1
3) Hypothalamus 4:17:1
4) Thyroid 4:52:1
5) Adrenal 5:38:1
6) Pancreas 6:51:1
7) Biolography 8:49:2

biology, crash course, crashcourse, hank green, anatomy, physiology, endocrine system, hormone, gland, human, body, science, exocrine, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, paracrine signalling, autocrine signalling, signal receptor, steroids, peptides, monoamines, brain, hypothalamus, oxytocin, negative feedback loop, kidney, stress, ACTH, epinephrine, organ, glucose, insulin, glucagon, testes, androgen, testosterone, ovaries, estrogen, progestin, estradiol, progesterone, sex, alfred jost, embryologist, secretion, embryonic development, embryo, mammal, fetal development, puberty, reproductive organs Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Hank introduces us to one of the most diverse and important families in the tree of life - the vascular plants. These plants have found tremendous success and the their secret is also their defining trait: conductive tissues that can take food and water from one part of a plant to another part. Though it sounds simple, the ability to move nutrients and water from one part of an organism to another was a evolutionary breakthrough for vascular plants, allowing them to grow exponentially larger, store food for lean times, and develop features that allowed them to spread farther and faster. Plants dominated the earth long before animals even showed up, and even today hold the world records for the largest, most massive, and oldest organisms on the planet.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC

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Table of Contents
1) 3 Tissue Types 02:37
2) Primary Growth 03:04
3) Secondary Growth 03:28
4) Dermal Tissue 04:47
a) Epidermis 04:54
5) Parenchyma Cells 05:39
6) Vascular Tissue 05:58
7) Xylem 05:58
8) Collenchyma 07:10
9) Sclerenchyma 07:35
10) Ground Tissue 08:25
a) Mesophyll 08:17
b) Photosynthesis 08:47
11) Phloem 09:54

References
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bio....s/bios100/lecturesf0
http://www.deseretnews.com/art....icle/700071982/Centr
http://www.popsci.com/science/....article/2012-02/2000


crashcourse, biology, vascular plant, plant, successful, diversity, diverse, conductive tissue, evolution, growth, largest, most massive, oldest, dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue, photosynthesis, sprout, germination, primary growth, herbaceous, secondary growth, woody tissue, organ, root, stem, meristem, leaf, epidermis, cuticle, trichomes, root hairs, parenchyma, cortex, xylem, evapotranspiration, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, lignin, mesophyll, chloroplasts, stomata, phloem, sieve cells, sieve-tube elements, internal pressure, diffusion Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

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In which John Green teaches you about Homer's Odyssey. If it was Homer's If Homer was even real. Anyway, that stuff doesn't really matter. John teaches you the classic, by which I mean classical, epic poem, the Odyssey. The Journey of Odysseus as he made his way home after the conclusion of the Trojan War is the stuff of legend. Literally. John will teach you about the double standard in Greek culture, Odysseus as jerk/hero, ancient PTSD, and cycles of violence. Also, there are no yogurt jokes. So think of that as a gift.

Our Subbable lead sponsor this week is Damian Shaw, who wants to thank Bryonie, Stew, Maureen, Peter & Morgan for their support.
Our Subbable co-sponsors are:
Max Loutzenheiser
Katy Cocco

I'm sure you've all heard about Isaac Newton and that apple that fell on his head and how that was a huge deal to our understanding of gravity. Well... let's talk about that. In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini sits down to talk about the realities of the apple story and how Newtonian Gravity is more than a little important.


***

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In which John Green teaches you a little bit about drought, which is a natural weather phenomenon, and famine, which is almost always the result of human activity. Throughout human history, when food shortages strike humanity, there was food around. There was just a failure to connect those people with the food that would keep them alive. There are a lot of reasons that food distribution breaks down, and John is going to teach you about them in the context of the late-19th century famines that struck British India.

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Hank introduces us to comparative anatomy, which studies the similarities and differences in animal anatomy to support the theory of evolution and the shared ancestry of living things.

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References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
CliffsAP Biology, 3rd ed.
Thomas Henry Huxley: http://www.strangescience.net/huxley.htm
Tissues: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acar....pi/NSC/14-anatomy.ht
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC168965

Table of Contents:
1) Comparative Anatomy 0:00
2) Locomotion 1:19
3) Heterotophy 1:41
4) Convergent Evolution 2:40
5) Biolography 3:40
6) Tissues 6:00
a) Epithelial Tissue 6:11
b) Connective Tissue 6:33
c) Muscle Tissue 7:01
d) Nerve Tissue 7:14
7) Organs 7:32
8) Organ Systems 7:39

crashcourse, crash course, biology, comparative anatomy, evolution, ancestry, animal, kingdom, locomotion, organism, heterotroph, heterotrophy, convergent evolution, vertebrate, environment, thomas henry huxley, paleontology, agnostic, dinosaurs, charles darwin, prehistoric, fossil, tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, organ Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

So now that we’ve built and programmed our very own CPU, we’re going to take a step back and look at how CPU speeds have rapidly increased from just a few cycles per second to gigahertz! Some of that improvement, of course, has come from faster and more efficient transistors, but a number hardware designs have been implemented to boost performance. And you’ve probably heard or read about a lot of these - they’re the buzz words attached to just about every new CPU release - terms like instruction pipelining, cache, FLOPS, superscalar, branch prediction, multi-core processors, and even super computers! These designs are pretty complicated, but the fundamental concepts behind them are not. So bear with us as we introduce a lot of new terminology including what might just be the best computer science term of all time: the dirty bit. Let us explain.

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Today, we continue our exploration of fluids and fluid dynamics. How do fluids act when they're in motion? How does pressure in different places change water flow? And what is one of the motion annoying things about filming outside on a nice day? I'll give you a hint on that last one... it's lawn mowers.

In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini talks to us about how Fluids in Motion are really, really, REALLY powerful things.

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In which John Green and Hank Green teach you about how human primates moved out of Africa and turned Earth into a real-life Planet of the Apes. And the apes are people! John and Hank teach you about how humans evolved, and the sort of tricks they picked up along the way like complex tool use, big brains, and fighting. Our ancestors adapted to the grasslands of Africa, and went through several iterations including Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, and Homo Ergaster/Erectus. Our ancestors tamed fire, made pressure flake tools, and eventually smartphones.

Learn more:
http://www.bighistoryproject.com

This episode is sponsored by Audible. Try Audible: http://audible.com/crashcourse

Why is it hard to move a heavy bookcase across a carpeted floor? And why is it easier to keep it moving than it was to get it started moving? You might think it's all about weight, but actually it's about friction. Two kinds of friction! In today's episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini Somara tells us about Static and Kinetic friction; how they work and how they're different.


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Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks


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In which John Green teaches you about American women in the Progressive Era and, well, the progress they made. So the big deal is, of course, the right to vote women gained when the 19th amendment was passed and ratified. But women made a lot of other gains in the 30 years between 1890 and 1920. More women joined the workforce, they acquired lots of other legal rights related to property, and they also became key consumers in the industrial economy. Women also continued to play a vital role in reform movements. Sadly, they got Prohibition enacted in the US, but they did a lot of good stuff, too. The field of social work emerged as women like Jane Addams created settlement houses to assist immigrants in their integration into the United States. Women also began to work to make birth control widely available. You'll learn about famous reformers and activists like Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger, and Emma Goldman, among others.

Hey teachers and students - Check out CommonLit's free collection of reading passages and curriculum resources to learn more about the events of this episode. Suffragists faced a decades-long debate on women’s right to vote: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/address-to-congres
While it was a hard fight to get the vote, women eventually received suffrage in 1920: https://www.commonlit.org/text....s/was-hard-fight-to-

***SUBBABLE MESSAGE***
Thank you Edwin for being my best friend. Love, Dee

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Did you know that Polymers save the lives of Elephants? Well, now you do! The world of Polymers is so amazingly integrated into our daily lives that we sometimes forget how amazing they are. Here, Hank talks about how they were developed an the different types of Polymers that are common in the world today, including some that may surprise you.

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Table of Contents

Commercial Polymers & Saved Elephants 0:00
Ethene AKA Ethylene 2:29
Addition Reactions 3:08
Ethene Based Polymers 4:44
Addition Polymerization & Condensation Reactions 6:32
Proteins & Other Natural Polymers 8:33
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Algorithms are the sets of steps necessary to complete computation - they are at the heart of what our devices actually do. And this isn’t a new concept. Since the development of math itself algorithms have been needed to help us complete tasks more efficiently, but today we’re going to take a look a couple modern computing problems like sorting and graph search, and show how we’ve made them more efficient so you can more easily find cheap airfare or map directions to Winterfell... or like a restaurant or something.

Ps. Have you had the chance to play the Grace Hopper game we made in episode 12. Check it out here! http://thoughtcafe.ca/hopper/

CORRECTION:
In the pseudocode for selection sort at 3:09, this line:
swap array items at index and smallest
should be:
swap array items at i and smallest

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The way light behaves can seem very counter intuitive, and many physicists would agree with that, but once you figure out light waves it all starts to make more sense! In this episode of Crash Course Physics, Shini shows us how we know that light exists as a wave and why that's really cool!

Want more Crash Course in person? We'll be at NerdCon: Nerdfighteria in Boston on February 25th and 26th! For more information, go to http://www.nerdconnerdfighteria.com/

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Join Jay Smooth next week for the start of our next miniseries: Crash Course Media Literacy!

Jay: https://twitter.com/jsmooth995
http://www.illdoctrine.com


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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark Brouwer, Nickie Miskell Jr., Jessica Wode, Eric Prestemon, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Divonne Holmes à Court, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, Indika Siriwardena, Robert Kunz, SR Foxley, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Daniel Baulig, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, Evren Türkmenoğlu, Alexander Tamas, Justin Zingsheim, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, mark austin, Ruth Perez, Malcolm Callis, Ken Penttinen, Advait Shinde, Cody Carpenter, Annamaria Herrera, William McGraw, Bader AlGhamdi, Vaso, Melissa Briski, Joey Quek, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Alex S, Mayumi Maeda, Kathy & Tim Philip, Montather, Jirat, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Ian Dundore, Chris Peters, Sandra Aft, Steve Marshall
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Tracker needs your help to figure out which Nick Jr. friend is making each sound in this FREE online video for kids! Hear catchphrases from PAW Patrol, Shimmer and Shine, Blaze and the Monster Machines, Bubble Guppies, and Peppa Pig, then guess which character says each line! Have your child test their memory skills by playing this video over and over. It's a video and a game, all in one! Find more fun videos like this in the Nick Jr. App!

#PawPatrol #NickJr #ShimmerAndShine #BlazeAndTheMonsterMachines #BubbleGuppies #PeppaPig

***ADVERTISEMENT***

Preschoolers can watch full episodes, play games, and more in the free Nick Jr. App and at NickJr.com
iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nick-jr./id911115712?ls=1&mt=8
Google: https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LQP0EL2
Web: http://www.nickjr.com/

Stream Nick Jr. for free in the Nick Jr. App on Roku and Apple TV or download full episodes for offline viewing on iTunes or Google Play:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Nickelodeon&hl=en
You can also download premium apps featuring your child's favorite Nick Jr. shows on iTunes, Google Play, and Amazon:
iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/de....veloper/nickelodeon/
Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Nickelodeon&hl=en
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=bl_sr_mobile-apps?_encoding=UTF8&field-brandtextbin=Nickelodeon&node=2350149011

Download premium Nick Jr. games and apps on iTunes, Google Play, and Amazon:

PAW Patrol Draw & Play:
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/paw-p...
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/paw-p...
Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/apps/de...
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00...

Blaze Dino Rescue:
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/blaze-monster-machines-dinosaur/id1048260999?ls=1&mt=8
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/blaze-monster-machines-dinosaur/id1048228014?ls=1&mt=8
Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B019EIN2KI

Shimmer and Shine Enchanted Carpet Ride:
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/shimmer-shine-enchanted-carpet/id1034934076?ls=1&mt=8
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/shimmer-shine-enchanted-carpet/id1034933180?ls=1&mt=8
Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01AX3HU7Y

Bubble Guppies: A Grumpfish Tale
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/bubble-guppies-grumpfish-tale/id722428620?ls=1&mt=8
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/bubble-guppies-grumpfish-tale/id722428462?ls=1&mt=8
Google Play (Phone): https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Google Play (Tablet): https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00I55OW7Y

Turn your NEIGHs into YAYs with these hilarious horse jokes inspired by the silly series, ‘Corn & Peg’. You can find more of your kid’s favorite shows weekday mornings on Nickelodeon and everywhere you find Nick Jr.

Corn & Peg sure know how to put a smile on your faces. Horse around with them and learn some new jokes. What do you call a horse that loves to watch TV? Or a story told by a horse? Here’s another you’ve probably never heard before: why did the pony go to the doctor? This video includes funny and clever jokes and riddles, along with reactions from the PAW Patrol pups, Trinket and Nella the Princess Knight, Corn and Peg, and more! These jokes are all about horses so you will be galloping and giggling all at the same time. You’ll tickle their funny bone and yours too when you listen to all the jokes this video includes!

#PAWPatrol #Corn&Peg #NickJr #Funny #Nickelodeon #Jokes

Watch your favorite Nick Jr. shows weekdays on Nickelodeon: http://nickjr.com/tvschedule/


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Preschoolers can watch full episodes of your favorite Nick Jr. shows in the FREE Nick Jr. App.
iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nick-jr./id911115712?ls=1&mt=8
Google: https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LQP0EL2

Stream Shimmer and Shine for free in the Nick Jr. App on Roku and Apple TV or download full episodes for offline viewing on iTunes or Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Nickelodeon&hl=en

Download premium apps featuring your child's favorite Nick Jr. shows on iTunes, Google Play, and Amazon:
iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/de....veloper/nickelodeon/ Google Play:https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Nickelodeon&hl=en
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=bl_sr_mobile-apps?_encoding=UTF8&field-brandtextbin=Nickelodeon&node=2350149011

You can also download Shimmer & Shine premium games and Nick Jr. apps on iTunes, Google Play, and Amazon:

Shimmer and Shine Enchanted Carpet Ride:
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/shimmer-shine-enchanted-carpet/id1034934076?ls=1&mt=8
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/shimmer-shine-enchanted-carpet/id1034933180?ls=1&mt=8
Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01AX3HU7Y

Nick Jr. Draw and Play
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nick-jr-draw-play/id513395037?ls=1&mt=8
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nick-jr-draw-play-hd/id513414742?ls=1&mt=8
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Google Play (Tablet): https://play.google.com/store/....apps/details?id=com.
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Nick Jr. Let’s Learn
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/us/ap....p-bundle/id918620400
iPad: https://itunes.apple.com/us/ap....p-bundle/id918650760

Do you love Chase, Skye, and Marshall? Watch this video to see how your favorite PAW Patrol characters are drawn by hand and colored in! Get creative and try drawing the characters yourself!