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In which John Green teaches you about the changes wrought by contact between the Old World and the New. John does this by exploring the totally awesome history book "The Columbian Exchange" by Alfred Cosby, Jr. After Columbus "discovered" the Americas, European conquerors, traders, and settlers brought all manner of changes to the formerly isolated continents. Disease and invasive plant and animal species remade the New World, usually in negative ways. While native people, plants, and animals were being displaced in the Americas, the rest of the world was benefitting from American imports, especially foods like maize, tomatoes, potatoes, pineapple, blueberries, sweet potatoes, and manioc. Was the Columbian Exchange a net positive? It's debatable. So debate.

Resources:

The Columbian Exchange, by Alfred Cosby, Jr: http://dft.ba/-columbian

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world-

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Today we explore the penultimate ethical theory in this unit: contractarianism. Hank explains Hobbes’ state of nature, and implicit and explicit contracts, as well as the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and the benefits, and costs, of violating contracts.


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The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO


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Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.

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This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the REFERENCES for this episode, in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2dlR

tags: crashcourse, science, biology, evolution, genetics, heredity, aristotle, bloodlines, gregor mendel, mendelian genetics, mendelian trait, classical genetics, chromosome, gene, polygenic, pleiotropic, allele, ear wax gene, somatic, diploid, gametes, sperm, egg, haploid, polyploid, dominance, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, punnett square, reginald c. punnett, sex-linked inheritance, autosome Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! Visit http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-world- to buy a set for your home or classroom.

You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.

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In which John Green teaches you, at long last, about the most exceptional bunch of empire-building nomads in the history of the world, the Mongols! How did the Mongols go from being a relatively small band of herders who occasionally engaged in some light hunting-gathering to being one of the most formidable fighting forces in the world? It turns out Genghis Khan was a pretty big part of it, but you probably already knew that. The more interesting questions might be, what kind of rulers were they, and what effect did their empire have on the world we know today? Find out, as John FINALLY teaches you about the Mongols.


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Hank gets down to the nitty gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.

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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2wDm

Table of Contents
1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs 2:10
2) Primary Oocytes 3:30
3) Primary Spermatocytes 3:30
4) Meiosis 2:59
5) Interphase I 4:04
6) Prophase I 4:37
a) Crossover 5:05
b) Recombination 5:05
7) Metaphase I 7:53
8) Anaphase I 8:05
9) Telophase I 8:19
10) Prophase II 8:57
11) Metaphase II 9:23
12) Anaphase II 9:28
13) Telophase II 9:32

Want to see Hank play Assassin's Creed? Check out http://www.youtube.com/hankgames
Watch the AC: Brotherhood playlist here: http://www.youtube.com/playlis....t?list=PL0B3CD662A03
Watch the AC: Revelations playlist here: http://www.youtube.com/playlis....t?list=PLC5C810D94AD

reproduction, sexual reproduction, sex cell, sperm, egg, meiosis, crashcourse, crash course, biology, cell replication, chromosome, gene, allele, homologous chromosome, haploid cells, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, oocyte, spermatocyte, centrosome, microtubule, crossover, homologous recombination, natural selection, cytokinesis, polar body, endosperm Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Our final episodes of Anatomy & Physiology explore the way your body keeps all that complex, intricate stuff alive and healthy -- your immune system. The immune system’s responses begin with physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and when they’re not enough, there are phagocytes -- the neutrophils and macrophages. It also features the awesomely named natural killer cells and the inflammatory response, and we'll explain how all of these elements work together to save the day if you happen to slip on a banana peel.

Crash Course A&P poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom

Table of Contents
Physical Barriers Like Skin and Mucous Membranes 2:01
Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Macrophages 3:17
Natural Killer Cells 4:29
Inflammatory Response 5:29

***

"Reformat" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

***

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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:

Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks

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Our next stop on our tour of ethics is Kant’s ethics. Today Hank explains hypothetical and categorical imperatives, the universalizability principle, autonomy, and what it means to treat people as ends-in-themselves, rather than as mere means.


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All other images and video either public domain or via VideoBlocks, or Wikimedia Commons, licensed under Creative Commons BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


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Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the difference between act and rule utilitarianism.


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The Latest from PBS Digital Studios: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PL1mtdjDVOoO


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CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

My drawing book: http://amzn.to/1K7L8Ed
Subscribe on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/artistleonardo

Visit me on FB: https://www.facebook.com/LeonardoPereznieto
My website: http://www.ArtistLeonardo.com/
O Art Int: http://oartinternational.com/

Do you want to help me translating it into your language?
(Note: First check if it hasn´t been translated already by pressing the "CC" button on the lower part of the video).
All you need to do is to please go to the following link and translate. Thank you!:
http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_video?ref=share&v=7f1qEzwhcoA

If you would like to invest in a drawing, painting or sculpture by Leonardo Pereznieto, or to hire him for workshops or lectures, please write to: info@artistleonardo.com (Business only, not for personal messages.)

List of materials:

Mechanical pencil: ArtistLeonardo Tutto3, with 0.3mm 2H lead, 0.5 HB and 0.7 mm 2B lead
Graphite powder
Chamoise
Kneaded eraser Prismacolor (See it here: http://amzn.to/2cvi6G7)
Ruler and square
Fabriano white drawing paper, fine grain

If you would like to see photos and brands of my tools, please go to my blog about materials with the following link:

http://fineart-tips.blogspot.m....x/2015/07/my-drawing


Download Fine Art-Tips mobile app:

On the Apple Store:

For iPhone/iPad free: https://itunes.apple.com/us/ap....p/fine-art-tips-draw

For iPhone/iPad, Premium: https://itunes.apple.com/us/ap....p/fine-art-tips-prem

On Google Play:

For Android free: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=allmax.fine.art.tips.free2&hl=en

For Android, Premium: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=allmax.fine.art.tips2&hl=en

You may also follow me on:

My Blog: http://fineart-tips.blogspot.mx/

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My website Leonardo Pereznieto: http://www.leonardopereznieto.com/leo/Intro.html

I wish you great creations!

Audio file(s) provided by http://www.audiomicro.com

This tutorial shows How to Draw Realistic Wood With Pencil

In this video I’m showing the process of working on a 50x50 cm (19.7x19.7 inches) oil painting.

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie

▷ For prints and original paintings please visit https://dariacallie.com/store/

CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt/
Website: http://www.dariacallie.com/


Materials used:

• Oil paints - Gamblin Oil Colors and Nevskaya palitra (russian brand)
Colors: Burnt umber, Cadmium Yellow, Ultramarine Blue, Cadmium Red and Titanium White.
(I have a color-mixing video where I explain how I premix my palette - https://youtu.be/kKT1gXBC_L4 )
In addition I have a couple of colors that I use sometimes: Ivory Black, Celestial Blue and Cobalt Violet Deep.
• Primed linen canvas (from a local art-store)
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes - Detail brushes & Filbert synthetic brushes of different sizes
• Glass palette (homemade)
• Palette knife (from a local art-store)
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)


Music: “FLIGHT” by A. Taylor
https://soundcloud.com/a-taylor

In this video I’m showing the process of working on an oil painting titled “Clouds”

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie

▷ For prints and original paintings please visit https://dariacallie.com/store/



CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt/
Website: https://www.dariacallie.com/


Materials used:
• Oil paints - "Nevskaya palitra"
Colors: Burnt Umber, Cadmium Yellow Pale, Ultramarine Blue, Cadmium Red and Titanium White.
• Frosted acrylic panel
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes - Detail brushes & Filbert synthetic brushes of different sizes
• Glass palette (homemade)
• Palette knife (from a local art-store)
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)


Music: “Mirror lake” and “Soen” by Liam J Hennessy
https://soundcloud.com/liamjhennessy/

In this video I share some highlights from my Patreon painting tutorials.

REAL-TIME PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie

In my recent walk-through painting tutorial on Patreon I talk about:
Part 1: Surface preparation, concept sketching, taking a reference photo, color mixing, transferring the outlines.
Part 2: Painting a portrait, oil painting tips, common mistakes.
Part 3: Analyzing, adjusting things, glazing and basically doing all the finishing touches.

▷ For prints and original paintings please visit https://dariacallie.com/store/



CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt/
Website: https://www.dariacallie.com/


Materials used:
• Oil paints - "Nevskaya palitra"
Colors: Burnt Umber, Cadmium Yellow Pale, Ultramarine Blue, Cadmium Red and Titanium White.
For glazing I used Cadmium Red, Cadmium Yellow Pale and Cobalt Violet Deep.
• Primed 280gsm paper or linen canvas
• Acrylic primer “Sonnet”
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes - Detail brushes & Filbert synthetic brushes of different sizes
• Glass palette (homemade)
• Palette knife (from a local art-store)
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)

In this video I show the process of working on an oil painting - 17 x 15 inches

LONG-FORM PAINTING VIDEOS, TUTORIALS and other helpful materials ▶ https://www.patreon.com/dariacallie/overview


CONNECT WITH ME:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/dariacallie
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DariaCallieArt
Website: https://www.dariacallie.com

Commissions: closed.


Materials used:
• Oil paints "Nevskaya palitra"
• Frosted acrylic panel
• Paint thinner (odorless mineral spirits)
• Medium (stand linseed oil)
• Brushes
• Glass palette
• Palette knife
• Paper towels (or tissues that I use to wipe the brushes)

More information about supplies I use: https://www.patreon.com/posts/....where-to-start-21960



Music: "Luminescence" by Holar
https://soundcloud.com/holarmusic/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/eons
Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you

For more than 10 million years, Megalodon was at the top of its game as the oceans’ apex predator...until 2.6 million years ago, when it went extinct. So, what happened to the largest shark in history?

Thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/

And thanks to Joschua Knüppe and Studio 252mya for the illustration of Piscobalaena. You can find more of Joschua's work here: https://www.deviantart.com/hyrotrioskjan

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, سلطان الخليفي, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

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References:
https://www.researchgate.net/p....rofile/John_Barron3/
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/312500230
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/j.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586693
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27381883
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC45415
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754903
http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/si....tes/default/files/ar
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27620830
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/full/10.1111/j
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09067
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/327/5968/993
https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2813
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/233681377
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UFE0042397/00001