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The ability to make and use fire has fundamentally changed the arc of our evolution. The bodies we have today were, in many ways, shaped by that time when we first tamed fire.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

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References:
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evi....dence/human-fossils/
Alperson-Afil, N. (2008). Continual fire-making by hominins at Gesher Benot Ya ‘aqov, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(17-18), 1733-1739.
Barkai, R., Rosell, J., Blasco, R., & Gopher, A. (2017). Fire for a reason: Barbecue at middle Pleistocene Qesem cave, Israel. Current Anthropology, 58(S16), S314-S328.
Berna, F., Goldberg, P., Horwitz, L. K., Brink, J., Holt, S., Bamford, M., & Chazan, M. (2012). Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(20), E1215-E1220.
Blain, H. A., Agustí, J., Lordkipanidze, D., Rook, L., & Delfino, M. (2014). Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental context of the Early Pleistocene hominins from Dmanisi (Georgia, Lesser Caucasus) inferred from the herpetofaunal assemblage. Quaternary science reviews, 105, 136-150.
Carmody, R. N., & Wrangham, R. W. (2009). The energetic significance of cooking. Journal of Human Evolution, 57(4), 379-391.
Clark, J. D., & Harris, J. W. (1985). Fire and its roles in early hominid lifeways. African Archaeological Review, 3(1), 3-27.
Gowlett, J. A. (2016). The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 20150164.
Gowlett, J. A., & Wrangham, R. W. (2013). Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 48(1), 5-30.
Hlubik, S., Berna, F., Feibel, C., Braun, D., & Harris, J. W. (2017). Researching the nature of fire at 1.5 Mya on the site of FxJj20 AB, Koobi Fora, Kenya, using high-resolution spatial analysis and FTIR spectrometry. Current Anthropology, 58(S16), S243-S257.
MacDonald, K. (2017). The use of fire and human distribution. Temperature, 4(2), 153-165.
Pruetz, J. D., & LaDuke, T. C. (2010). Brief communication: Reaction to fire by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: Conceptualization of “fire behavior” and the case for a chimpanzee model. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 141(4), 646-650.
Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P. (2011). On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(13), 5209-5214.
Zink, K. D., & Lieberman, D. E. (2016). Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in humans. Nature, 531(7595), 500.

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Temnospondyls were a huge group of amphibians that existed for 210 million years. And calling them ‘diverse’ would be putting it mildly. Yet in the end, two major threats would push them to extinction: the always-changing climate and the amniote egg.

Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the very cool Temnospondyl reconstructions throughout this episode. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com

And thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

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References:
Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods, Second Edition by Jennifer A. Clack.
The Rise of Amphibians: 365 Million Years of Evolution by Robert Carroll.
Amphibian Evolution: The Life of Early Land Vertebrates by Rainer R. Schoch.
Earth Before the Dinosaurs by Sebastian Steyer.
How Vertebrates Left the Water by Michel Laurin.
The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition, edited by Lawrence H. Tanner.
The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Explorers and the Wonders of Evolution by Donald R. Prothero.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/281
https://academic.oup.com/zooli....nnean/article/150/4/
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/256496340
“Fishes and Amphibians From the Late Permian Pedra De Fogo Formation of Northern Brazil” by Cox and Barry, 1991.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4524569
“Lower Triassic Temnospondyli of Tasmania” by Cogsgriff, 1974.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.
https://www.researchgate.net/p....ublication/281863720
https://www.tandfonline.com/do....i/abs/10.1080/027246
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/j.

Check out Hot Mess: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCsaEBhRsI6tmmz12f

420 million years ago, some fish were more medieval. They wore armor, sometimes made of big plates, and sometimes made of interlocking scales. But that armor may actually have served a totally different purpose, one that many animals still use today.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Dave, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, phil parker, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Katie Fichtner, Budjarn Lambeth, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan, Jordon Sokoll

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References:
Sim, Min Sub, Shuhei Ono, and Matthew T. Hurtgen. "Sulfur isotope evidence for low and fluctuating sulfate levels in the Late Devonian ocean and the potential link with the mass extinction event." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 419 (2015): 52-62.
Sallan, Lauren, and Andrew K. Galimberti. "Body-size reduction in vertebrates following the end-Devonian mass extinction." Science 350.6262 (2015): 812-815.
Afanassieva, O. B. "On the growth and regeneration of the exoskeleton in early jawless vertebrates (Osteostraci, Agnatha)." Doklady Biological Sciences. Vol. 466. No. 1. Pleiades Publishing, 2016.
Anderson, Philip SL, and Mark W. Westneat. "Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator." Biology Letters 3.1 (2007): 77-80. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/3/1
Arsenault, Marius, et al. "New data on the soft tissues and external morphology of the antiarch Bothriolepis canadensis (Whiteaves, 1880), from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Quebec." Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München (2004): 439-454. http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/wp-....content/uploads/2015
Brazeau, Martin D., and Matt Friedman. "The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates." Nature 520.7548 (2015): 490.
Brett, Carlton E., and Sally E. Walker. "Predators and predation in Paleozoic marine environments." The Paleontological Society Papers 8 (2002): 93-118. https://www.cambridge.org/core..../journals/the-paleon
Carr, ROBERT K. "Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira)." KirtlandIa, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History 57 (2010): 36-55.
Carr, Robert, K. "Placoderm diversity and evolution." Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle: Sciences de la terre, paléontologie, géologie, minéralogie. Section C 17 (1995): 85. https://www.researchgate.net/p....rofile/Robert_Carr2/
Chevrinais, Marion, Claire Jacquet, and Richard Cloutier. "Early establishment of vertebrate trophic interactions: Food web structure in Middle to Late Devonian fish assemblages with exceptional fossilization." Bulletin of Geosciences 92.4 (2017): 491-510.
De Vleeschouwer, David, et al. "Timing and pacing of the Late Devonian mass extinction event regulated by eccentricity and obliquity." Nature communications 8.1 (2017): 2268. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-02407-1
Denison, Robert H. "The soft anatomy of Bothriolepis." Journal of Paleontology (1941): 553-561. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1298812
Doherty, Alison H., Cameron K. Ghalambor, and Seth W. Donahue. "Evolutionary physiology of bone: bone metabolism in changing environments." Physiology 30.1 (2015): 17-29.
Donoghue, Philip CJ, and Ivan J. Sansom. "Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization." Microscopy research and technique 59.5 (2002): 352-372.
Giles, Sam, Matt Friedman, and Martin D. Brazeau. "Osteichthyan-like cranial conditions in an Early Devonian stem gnathostome." Nature 520.7545 (2015): 82. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14065

We've hit YouTube's description character limit so you can find all references we used in this video here: https://pastebin.com/raw/XkhEwmyU

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The ancestors of modern horses became so successful that they spread all over the world, to Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. But in their native range of North America, they’ll vanish for 10,000 years. Until another strange mammal brings them back.

The illustration of Equus Simplicidens--also known as the Hagerman Horse--is by Roger Hall. You can check out more of Roger's work at http://InkArt.net

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Kelby Reid, Steph Summerfield, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Wilco Verweij, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Elysha Nygård, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Zachary Winkler, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Katie M Vasilescu, Brandon Burke, Alex Yan

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References:
Fossil Horses by Bruce J. MacFadden
http://www.ajsonline.org/conte....nt/s3-12/71/401.extr
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4....522989?seq=1#page_sc
http://chem.tufts.edu/science/....evolution/horseevolu
https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/fhc/firstCM.htm
https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007/s12052-0
https://www.nationalgeographic.....com/adventure/featu
https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
https://www.palass.org/publica....tions/palaeontology-
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02098
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04604
http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1476//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B022a22.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://projects.iq.harvard.ed....u/spierce/news/going
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geo....scientist/Archive/Ju
http://facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccal....l/Evolution%20of%20t

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Insects outnumber humans by a lot and we only like to think we're in charge because we're bigger than they are. But insects and other arthropods weren’t always so small. About 315 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period, they were not only abundant: they were enormous.

The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally.

Thanks to Lucas Lima, and Studio 252mya for their illustrations. You can find more of Lucas's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/lucas-lima

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

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References:
http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/news/2011/08/11
http://journals.plos.org/ploso....ne/article?id=10.137
https://www.wired.com/2010/11/....huge-dragonflies-oxy
http://rspb.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/277
http://bionumbers.hms.harvard.....edu/bionumber.aspx?i
https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/giant-insects.html
https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedi....a_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bu
http://www.pnas.org/content/96/20/10955.full
https://www.nap.edu/read/11630/chapter/8#117

Watch the Deep Time Hall livestream here:
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Don’t forget to check out When Whales Walked: Journeys in Deep Time: https://www.pbs.org/tpt/when-whales-walked/

As a scientific concept, evolution was revolutionary when it was first introduced. With the help of all three of our hosts and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s new Deep Time Hall, we’ll try to explain how evolution actually works and how we came to understand it.

This episode was written by Darcy Shapiro.

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Zachary Spencer, Stefan Weber, Ilya Murashov, Charles Kahle, Robert Amling, Po Foon Kwong, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Alex Yan

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Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
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References:
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/cuvier.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitio....ns/darwin/a-trip-aro
http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/index1.htm
http://wallacefund.info/content/biography-wallace
http://wallacefund.info/conten....t/1858-darwin-wallac
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/gregor-m
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolu....tion/library/01/6/l_
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://phys.org/news/2018-08-....truth-darwin-moth.ht
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.wired.com/2010/09/florida-panthers/
Bowler, P. (2001). History of Evolutionary Ideas: The Modern Synthesis. ELS: Encyclopedia of the life sciences, 1-5.
Papavero, N., & Santos, C. F. M. D. (2014). Darwinian evolutionism? Contributions of Alfred Russel Wallace to the theory of evolution. Revista Brasileira de História, 34(67), 159-180.
https://www.biodiversitylibrar....y.org/page/2283958#p

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Purgatorius, a kind of mammal called a plesiadapiform, might’ve been one of your earliest ancestors. But how did we get from a mouse-sized creature that looked more like a squirrel than a monkey -- to you, a member of Homo sapiens?

Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the Purgatorius reconstruction. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com

And thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: http://spinops.blogspot.com/

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:

Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan

If you'd like to support the channel, head over to http://patreon.com/eons and pledge for some cool rewards!

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
Twitter - https://twitter.com/eonsshow
Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/eonsshow/

References:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/clad/clad1.html
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/topicpage/the-mole
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
https://evolution.berkeley.edu..../evolibrary/article/
https://www.amnh.org/explore/n....ews-blogs/news-posts
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics
http://users.tamuk.edu/kfjab02..../Biology/Mammalogy/s
https://askananthropologist.as....u.edu/stories/our-pr
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/fa....ctsheets/entry/black
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hominidae/
https://www.nature.com/scitabl....e/knowledge/library/
http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2012/08/generation-
https://www.eva.mpg.de/3chimps/files/apes.htm
https://www.nature.com/news/dn....a-mutation-clock-pro
http://www.pnas.org/content/112/5/1487
Collard, M., & Wood, B. (2013). Defining the genus Homo. Handbook of Paleoanthropology: Vol I: Principles, Methods and Approaches Vol II: Primate Evolution and Human Origins Vol III: Phylogeny of Hominids, 1-31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12644563
http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/El....sArticle/refId-a0020
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29109469
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29342307
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1002/aj
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4964406
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10842
https://academic.oup.com/mbe/a....rticle-abstract/20/1
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6251/931
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28429568
https://www.annualreviews.org/....doi/abs/10.1146/annu
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/pdf/10.1002/ev
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/347/6228/135
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09094

We know a lot about dinosaurs but there’s one question that has plagued paleontologists for decades: what color were they? Go to http://squarespace.com/eons and use code “EONS” for 10% off your first order.

Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the Sinosauropteryx illustrations. You can find more of Julio's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/julio-lacerda

Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Want to follow Eons elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/eonsshow
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References:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01..../28/science/28dino.h
http://rsbl.royalsocietypublis....hing.org/content/4/5
https://www.nature.com/nature/....journal/v463/n7284/f
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/327/5971/136
http://science.sciencemag.org/....content/335/6073/121
http://www.sciencedirect.com/s....cience/article/pii/S
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354675
http://news.nationalgeographic.....com/news/2012/05/12
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/m....elanosomes/melanin.h
http://news.yale.edu/2008/07/0....8/fossil-feathers-pr
http://www.nature.com/news/201....0/100127/full/news.2
https://www.coursera.org/learn..../dino101/lecture/LjS
http://news.yale.edu/2010/02/0....4/yale-scientists-fi
http://www.sciencemag.org/news..../2016/09/dinosaur-wo

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In which Hank introduces us to the world of Organic Chemistry and, more specifically, the power of hydrocarbon. He talks about the classifications of organic compounds, the structures & properties of alkanes, isomers, and naming an alkane all by observing its structure.

--
Table of Contents

Classifications of Organic Compounds 2:25
Structures & Properties of Alkanes 3:12
Isomers 3:49
Naming an Alkane Based on its Structure 5:03

--
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Life is chaos and the universe tends toward disorder. But why? If you think about it, there are only a few ways for things to be arranged in an organized manner, but there are nearly infinite other ways for those same things to be arranged. Simple rules of probability dictate that it's much more likely for stuff to be in one of the many disorganized states than in one of the few organized states. This tendency is so unavoidable that it's known as the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Obviously, disorder is a pretty big deal in the universe and that makes it a pretty big deal in chemistry - it's such a big deal that scientists have a special name for it: entropy. In chemistry, entropy is the measure of molecular randomness, or disorder. For the next thirteen minutes, Hank hopes you will embrace the chaos as he teaches you about entropy.

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Table of Contents
Second Law of Thermodynamics :45
Entropy 2:01
DEMONSTRATION! 4:28
BA(OH)2•8H2O+NH4Ci 10:25
J.W. Gibbs & Gibbs Free Energy 7:23


--
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Hank begins a series of videos on organ systems with a look at the nervous system and all of the things that it is responsible for in the body.

Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC

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Recording from the funeral Mass of brother Roger founder of Taizé Community, on 23 August 2005.
Song In manus tuas, Pater composed by the brothers of Taizé.

Taizé - Kyrie 8 with intercessions
Music: Taizé

Michael Grab's mind-bending rock formations aren't held together by glue or steel rods. Shockingly, his rock piles are stacked using only the laws of gravity. Michael's rock formations have taken the internet by storm, and brought an even greater attention to rock balancing. Find out just how Michael makes the seemingly impossible, possible.

Check out Michael's YouTube channel here:
https://www.youtube.com/user/gravitygluegrab

And his website here:
https://www.gravityglue.com

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ABOUT WIRED
WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. Through thought-provoking stories and videos, WIRED explores the future of business, innovation, and culture.

How This Guy Balances Impossible Rock Structures | Obsessed | WIRED

Directos de Lunes a Viernes 8:00 pm (MX) en mi pagina de Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/soyfedelobo

Te dejo mis demás canales:

Fedelobo: https://www.youtube.com/user/elfedelobo
Canal de videojuegos: https://www.youtube.com/c/Pixelteca
Canal con Nadia: https://www.youtube.com/amorsindistancia


Mis redes sociales:

Twitter: https://twitter.com/SoyFedelobo
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/soyfedelobo/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/soyfedelobo

Aprende con esta hermosa canción infantil cuáles son los diferentes animales y que sonidos hacen. No te olvides decirnos cual es tu animal favorito.

¡Aprende y disfruta con todos nuestros divertidos videos para niños en 3D! #bebejuan #cancionesinfantiles #littleangelespañol

(?️) Subscríbete a Little Angel Español para ver videos nuevos en cuanto salgan ?►► http://bit.ly/suscribete_LittleAngel_Esp

Letra: Canción de los animales
---------------------------------------------------
Pintaré tu nariz color rosa
Pintaré tus mejillas de blanco
Pintaré de marrón tus labios
Ya eres un perrito

Guau Guau, soy un perro
Guau Guau, soy un perro
Guau Guau, soy un perro
Ya soy un perrito

¡Perro! Guau guau

Pintaré tu nariz de marrón
Pintaré tus mejillas rosadas
Pintaré de rojo tus labios
Ya eres un cerdito

Oink, Oink, soy un cerdito
Oink, Oink, soy un cerdito
Oink, Oink, soy un cerdito
Ya soy un cerdito

Cerdo! Oink, Oink

Pintaré tu nariz de rojo
Pintaré tus mejillas de negro
Pintaré de marrón tus labios
Ya eres una vaca

Muu, muu, soy una vaca
Muu muu, soy una vaca
Muu, muu, soy una vaca
Ya soy una vaca

¡Vaca!

Pintaré tu nariz de negro
Pintaré tus mejillas naranja
Pintaré tus labios de rojo
Ya eres un tigre

Grrr, Grrr, soy un tigre
Grrr, Grrr, soy un tigre
Grrr, Grrr, soy un tigre
Y ya soy un tigre

¡Tigre! Grrr

La danza de los animales
Danza de los animales
Un perro, un cerdo, una vaca y un tigre
Bailando felices

!Tigre!
¡Vaca!
¡Cerdo!
¡Perro!
Pintaré tu nariz de negro
Pintaré tus mejillas moradas
Pintaré de rojo tus labios
Ya eres un gato

Miau, miau, soy un gato
Miau, miau, soy un gato
Miau, miau, soy un gato
Ya soy un gato

¡Gato! Miau, Miau

Pintaré tu nariz de rosado
Pintaré tus mejillas de blanco
Pintaré de rojo tus labios
Ya eres un ratoncito

Ih, ih, soy un ratón
Ih, ih, soy un ratón
Ih, ih, soy un ratón
Soy un ratoncito

¡Ratón! Ih, ih

Pintaré mi nariz amarilla
Pintaré mis mejillas de negro
Pintaré de gris mis labios
Ya soy una abeja

Bzz, bzz, una abeja
Bzz, bzz, una abeja
Bzz, bzz, una abeja
Ya soy una abeja

¡Abeja!

La danza de los animales
Danza de los animales
Perro, cerdo, vaca, tigre
gato, ratón y abeja

La danza de los animales
Danza de los animales
Perro, cerdo, vaca, tigre
gato, ratón y abeja
Profesora: ¡Abeja!
Jacob: ¡Ratón!
---------------------------------------------------

Nuestras canciones para niños enseñan habilidades básicas y mejoran su habilidad para comprender y seguir instrucciones. Las canciones infantiles aceleran las capacidades fonéticas y mejoran la comprensión oral, de lectura y escritura.

No olvides darnos un LIKE (?) si disfrutaste este video.

Descubre el universo Little Angel en www.littleangel.com

Síguenos en redes sociales para nuestras últimas novedades:
★ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/littleangelespanol/
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Música infantil, canciones para niños, Spanish for kids, nursery rhymes Spanish, Spanish kids songs.

Bebé Juan aprende los diferentes colores con la ayuda de este hermoso Tren de Colores. Papi y toda la familia le ayudarán a encontrar un objeto de cada color y colocarlo sobre el tren. ¡Tú puedes jugar también, busca un objeto de cada color que menciona la canción! ¡Aprende y disfruta con todas nuestras divertidas canciones para niños en 3D! #littleangel #littleangelespañol #bebejuan

(?️) Subscríbete a Little Angel Español para ver videos nuevos en cuanto salgan ?►► http://bit.ly/suscribete_LittleAngel_Esp

Nuestras canciones para niños enseñan habilidades básicas y mejoran su habilidad para comprender y seguir instrucciones. Las canciones infantiles aceleran las capacidades fonéticas y mejoran la comprensión oral, de lectura y escritura.

Letra: El Tren de los Colores
-----------------------------------------------------
Vamos a cargar el tren
Cargar el tren, cargar el tren
Vamos a cargar el tren
El tren de los colores

¿Puedes ver el color ROJO?
Color ROJO, color ROJO
Buscaremos el color ROJO
¿Qué puedes encontrar?

La pelota es color ROJO
Color rojo, color rojo
Como el auto y el vestido
El rojo encontramos

La cuchara es color VERDE
Color verde, color verde
Como los bloques y las plantas
El verde encontramos

¡Sí! Encontraste el amarillo
El amarillo, el amarillo
Sillas, almohadas y juguetes
Amarillo encontramos

Encontramos el violeta
El violeta, el violeta
Zapatitos y canicas
El violeta encontramos

A buscar el color AZUL
Color azul, color azul
El gorrito y el pijama
El azul encontramos

Los colores en el tren
En el tren, en el tren,
Los colores en el tren
Forman un arcoíris
-----------------------------------------------------

No olvides darnos un LIKE (?) si disfrutaste este video.

Descubre el universo Little Angel en www.littleangel.com

Síguenos en redes sociales para nuestras últimas novedades:
★ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/littleangelespanol/
★ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/littleangel_esp/
★ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Little_angel_es?lang=es

Música infantil, canciones para niños, Spanish for kids, nursery rhymes Spanish, Spanish kids songs.

Animaciones por: Valnet Inc.
Copyright 2019 Valnet

Además de las Princesas a Sofi le encantan los Globos y más aún apostar carreras con Bebé Juan y Nico. Pero la parte que todos disfrutan juntos es decorar los carritos. ¡Aprende y disfruta con todas nuestras divertidas canciones para niños en 3D! #littleangel #littleangelespañol #bebejuan

(?️) Subscríbete a Little Angel Español para ver videos nuevos en cuanto salgan ?►► http://bit.ly/suscribete_LittleAngel_Esp

Letra: Canción de la Carrera de Globos
-----------------------------------------------------
Mi carro voy a decorar
Lo voy a hacer brillar
Mi carro voy a decorar
Lo voy a hacer brillar
Globos voy a usar
Lo voy a hacer volar
Volará, volará, volará

Donde vaya hoy
Mi carrito me llevará
Donde vaya hoy
Mi carrito me llevará
Donde vaya hoy
Mi carrito me llevará
Allá voy, allá voy, allá voy

Con los globos iré
A gran velocidad
Con los globos iré
A gran velocidad
Pronto llegaré
A gran velocidad
Mírame, mírame, mírame

A este carrito mío
Lo voy a hacer brillar
A este carrito mío
Lo voy a hacer brillar
Globos voy a usar
Lo voy a hacer brillar
Brillará, brillará, brillará

Esta gran carrera
¿Quién la ganará?
¿Quién festejará?
¿Quién será el más veloz?
Esta gran carrera
¿Quién la ganará?
¿Quién festejará?
¿Quién será el más veloz?

Llegaremos al final
Bingo nos va a llevar
Llegaremos al final
Bingo nos va a llevar
Llegaremos al final
Bingo nos va a llevar
¡Es el final, el final, el final!
-----------------------------------------------------

Nuestras canciones para niños enseñan habilidades básicas y mejoran su habilidad para comprender y seguir instrucciones. Las canciones infantiles aceleran las capacidades fonéticas y mejoran la comprensión oral, de lectura y escritura.

No olvides darnos un LIKE (?) si disfrutaste este video.

Descubre el universo Little Angel en www.littleangel.com

Síguenos en redes sociales para nuestras últimas novedades:
★ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/littleangelespanol/
★ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/littleangel_esp/
★ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Little_angel_es?lang=es

Música infantil, canciones para niños, nursery rhymes in Spanish.
Animaciones por: Valnet Inc.
Copyright 2019 Valnet

Es un hermoso día de playa y Bebé Juan aprende a construir un castillo de arena con su familia y a protegerse del sol y de la arena caliente también. ¿Te gusta la playa?
¡Aprende y disfruta con todos nuestros divertidos videos para niños en 3D! #bebejuan #cancionesinfantiles #bebejuanenespañol

(?️) Subscríbete a Little Angel Español para ver videos nuevos en cuanto salgan ?►► http://bit.ly/suscribete_LittleAngel_Esp

Letra: El castillo de arena
----------------------------------------------------
Póngase un buen sombrero
y bloqueador, bloqueador
Y zapatos luego , y zapatos luego
si señor, si señor

Con sus baldes, con sus baldes
a excavar, a excavar
un castillo grande, un castillo grande
hay que armar, hay que armar

Arena y agua, arena y agua
Hay que llevar, hay que llevar
y una torre alta , una torre alta
armarás, armarás

Hacemos torres, hacemos torres
y paredes , y paredes
y nos divertimos construyendo torres
con ustedes, con ustedes


Hacemos torres, hacemos torres
y paredes , y paredes
y nos divertimos construyendo torres
con ustedes, con ustedes

Pegajosos, arenosos
En la playa , en la playa
hagamos una foto , hagamos una foto
con la cámara, con la cámara
----------------------------------------------------
Nuestras canciones para niños enseñan habilidades básicas y mejoran su habilidad para comprender y seguir instrucciones. Las canciones infantiles aceleran las capacidades fonéticas y mejoran la comprensión oral, de lectura y escritura.

No olvides darnos un LIKE (?) si disfrutaste este video.

Descubre el universo Little Angel en www.littleangel.com

Síguenos en redes sociales para nuestras últimas novedades:
★ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/littleangelespanol/
★ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/littleangel_esp/
★ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Little_angel_es?lang=es

Música infantil, canciones para niños, Spanish for kids, nursery rhymes Spanish, Spanish kids songs.