Top Vídeos
This week Craig Benzine clears up the role of committees in Congress. We’ll talk about standing committees, joint committees, conference committees, and caucuses (and not the candidate-choosing kinds) as well as the staff agencies that help advise these committees and congresspeople. As most bills never even make it to the house and senate floors for a vote, the role of committees, and their respective chairpersons as gatekeeper is pretty important. There’s a lot to demystify here as the legislative process can seem pretty arcane at times, but the model, at least in theory, helps Congress run more efficiently.
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How does our knowledge grow? It turns out there are some different ideas about that. Schemas, Four-Stage Theory of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding all play different roles but the basic idea is that children think about things very differently than adults. Hank explains in today's episode of Crash Course Psychology.
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Table of Contents
Schemas, Assimilation & Accommodation 2:39:12
Piaget's Four-Stage Cognitive Development 1:47:02
Sensortimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational,
and Formal Operational Periods 3:48:22
Vygotsky's Theory of Scaffolding 7:45:05
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•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
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FROM: Christopher
Next stop is whenever. Just be like, "stop."
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What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.
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Table of Contents:
Ion Channels Regulate Electrochemistry to Create Action Potential 4:51
Resting State 3:22
Depolarization 6:09
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00
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In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.
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Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (www.staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-25Ad
Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, science, chemistry, energy, atp, adenosine triphosphate, cellular respiration, glucose, adp, hydrolysis, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation, lactic acid, enzyme, hans krebs, citric acid, ATP synthase Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
Your heart gets a lot of attention from poets, songwriters, and storytellers, but today Hank's gonna tell you how it really works. The heart’s ventricles, atria, and valves create a pump that maintains both high and low pressure to circulate blood from the heart to the body through your arteries, and bring it back to the heart through your veins. You'll also learn what your blood pressure measurements mean when we talk about systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Table of Contents
Heart's Ventricles, Atria and Valves Create a Pump 3:25
Maintains Both High and Low Pressure 3:25
Blood Circulates From the Heart to the Body Through Your Arteries 4:47
Blood Circulates From the Body to the Heart Through Your Veins 4:49
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure 7:58
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***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: My Student
FROM: Earle
Check out www.youtube.com/amorsciendi for supplementary content.
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FROM: Magnus Krokstad
Keep dreaming!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
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This tutorial shows How to Draw Cherries with Color Pencils. Step by step will show you how to create the shape of the fruit and I will give you the best tips for coloring. I’ll show you to create effects and textures with shadows and illumination.
List of materials:
Mechanical pencil with 0.7mm, B lead
Color pencils: Prismacolor Premier
Kneaded eraser Prismacolor
MagicRub FaberCastell eraser
Fabriano white drawing paper, fine grain
If you would like to see photos and brands of my tools, please go to my blog about materials with the following link:
http://www.fineartebooks.com/h....owtodraw_drawingscho
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I wish you great creations!
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Despite the name, we don’t know where the so-called “hell pigs” belong in the mammalian family tree. They walked on hooves, like pigs do, but had longer legs, almost like deer. They had hunched backs, a bit like rhinos or bison. But as is often, if not always, the case, there is some evolutionary method to this anatomical madness.
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the excellent Entelodont illustrations! Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at http://alphynix.tumblr.com and http://nixillustration.com
And thanks to Julio Lacerda and Lucas Lima for their wonderful illustrations. You can find more of their work here: https://252mya.com/
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References:
https://docs.google.com/docume....nt/d/1Ie3bYTS7zlmi03
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With its lizard-like appearance and that distinctive sail on it back, Dimetrodon is practically the mascot of the Palaeozoic Era, a time before flowers, birds, mammals, and even crocodiles. But if you take a close look at this sail-backed animal, you might see a little bit of yourself.
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Thanks to Franz Anthony and Studio 252mya for the Dimetrodon illustration. You can find more of Franz's work here: https://252mya.com/gallery/franz-anthony
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References:
https://evolution-outreach.spr....ingeropen.com/articl
http://www.app.pan.pl/article/....item/app20100039.htm
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi..../abs/10.1080/1042094
http://www.journals.uchicago.e....du/doi/10.1086/65300
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com..../doi/10.1002/jmor.10
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In which John Green teaches you about China's Revolutions. While the rest of the world was off having a couple of World Wars, China was busily uprooting the dynastic system that had ruled there for millennia. Most revolutions have some degree of tumult associated with them, but China's 20th century revolutions were REALLY disruptive. In 1911 and 1912, Chinese nationalists brought 3000 years of dynastic rule to an end. China plunged into chaos as warlords staked out regions of the country for themselves. The nationalists and communists joined forces briefly to bring the nation back together under the Chinese Republic, and then they quickly split and started fighting the Chinese Civil War. The fight between nationalists and communists went on for decades, and was interrupted by an alliance to fight the invading Japanese during World War II. After the World War II ended, the Chinese Civil War was back on. Mao and the communists were ultimately victorious, and Chiang Kai-Shek ended up in Taiwan. And then it got weird. Mao spent years repeatedly trying to purify the Communist Party and build up the new People's Republic of China with Rectifications, Anti Campaigns, Five Year Plans. the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution. These had mixed results, to say the least. John will cover all this and more in this week's Crash Course World History.
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Resources:
The Search for Modern China by Jonathan D. Spence - http://dft.ba/-modernchina
Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution by Ma Bo - http://dft.ba/-mabo
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In which John Green teaches you about the beginning of the so-called Age of Discovery. You've probably heard of Christopher Columbus, who "discovered" America in 1492, but what about Vasco da Gama? How about Zheng He? Columbus gets a bad rap from many modern historians, but it turns out he was pretty important as far as the history of the world goes. That said, he wasn't the only pioneer plying the seas in the 1400s. In Portugal, Vasco da Gama was busy integrating Europe into the Indian Ocean Trade by sailing around Africa. Chinese admiral Zheng He was also traveling far and wide in the largest wooden ships ever built. Columbus, whether portrayed as hero or villain, is usually credited as the great sailor of the 15th century, but he definitely wasn't the only contender. What better way to settle this question than with a knock-down, drag-out, no holds barred, old-fashioned battle royal? We were going to make it a cage match, but welding is EXPENSIVE.
Resources:
The Age of Reconnaissance by JH Parry - An explanation of the technologies that made these voyages possible, and a nice detailed record of many of the important voyages. http://dft.ba/-discovery
When China Ruled the Sea by Louise Levathes: A history of the Ming dynasty's ventures into maritime exploration. http://dft.ba/-zhenghedragon
Unknown Seas by Ronald Watkins: A highly readable account of Vasco da Gama's introduction of europe into the Indian Ocean trade. http://dft.ba/-vasco
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Hank talks about the molecules that make up every living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - and how we find them in our environment and in the food that we eat.
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Resources for this episode in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-citations2
TAGS: biological molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, food, biolography, william prout, urea, energy, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, disaccharides, sucrose, polysaccharides, simple sugars, cellulose, starch, glycogen, glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, enzymes, antibodies, hormones, amino acids, nitrogen, polypeptides, protein synthesis, biology, molecule, crashcourse, hank green Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
In which John compares and contrasts Greek civilization and the Persian Empire. Of course we're glad that Greek civilization spawned modern western civilization, right? Maybe not. From Socrates and Plato to Darius and Xerxes, John explains two of the great powers of the ancient world, all WITHOUT the use of footage from 300.
Resources:
The Histories of Herodotus: http://goo.gl/I1TM9u
Plato: http://goo.gl/GEcfWX
Plays of Aristophanes: http://goo.gl/xzb9Ff
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Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.
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References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2hCl
1:41 link to Biological Molecules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0
Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
In which John Green teaches you about the Protestant Reformation. Prior to the Protestant Reformation, pretty much everyone in Europe was a Roman Catholic. Not to get all great man, but Martin Luther changed all that. Martin Luther didn't like the corruption he saw in the church, especially the sale of indulgences, so he left the church and started his own. And it caught on! And it really did kind of change the world. The changes increased literacy and education, and some even say the Protestant Reformation was the beginning of Capitalism in Europe.
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In which John Green teaches you about Mary Shelley's novel, Frankenstein. Sure, you know Frankenstein the cultural phenomenon, but how much do you know about the novel that started it all? You'll learn about the Romantic movement in English lit, of which Frankenstein is a GREAT example, and you'll learn that Frankenstein might just be the first SciFi novel. Once again, literature comes down to just what it means to be human. John will review the plot, and take you through a couple of different critical readings of the novel, and will discuss the final disposition of Percy Shelley's heart.
In which John Green kicks off the Crash Course Literature mini series with a reasonable set of questions. Why do we read? What's the point of reading critically. John will argue that reading is about effectively communicating with other people. Unlike a direct communication though, the writer has to communicate with a stranger, through time and space, with only "dry dead words on a page." So how's that going to work? Find out with Crash Course Literature! Also, readers are empowered during the open letter, so that's pretty cool.
The Reading List!
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare: http://dft.ba/-shakespearerj
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald: http://dft.ba/-fitzgeraldgg
Catcher in the Rye: http://dft.ba/-catcher
Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson: http://dft.ba/-dickinson
Some of these are available from gutenberg.org as free ebooks. You should check that out.
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This week Jacob and Adriene teach you about marginal analysis, which you're using RIGHT NOW! The video is coming from inside the house! Or something. You'll learn how marginal analysis guides the decision making if cities, nations, companies, and amusement park enthusiasts. We'll also look at the idea of elasticity, and what people are willing to pay for certain stuff based on the supply. Why is a Van Gogh worth more than an OBEY poster? (hint: it's because they're still cranking out the OBEY posters, and Vincent is dead) All this and more on Crash Course Economics!
***
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Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
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Phil takes us for a closer (eye safe!) look at the two-octillion ton star that rules our solar system. We look at the sun's core, plasma, magnetic fields, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and what all of that means for our planet.
This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse
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The Sun is a Star 1:28
Plasma's Magnetic Fields 6:11
Sunspots, Solar Flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections 7:09
How the Earth Reacts 9:18
--
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--
PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS
Hubble extrasolar planet search field in Sagittarius: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0612d/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Sahu (STScI) and the SWEEPS science team]
The Sun: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/defa....ult/files/images/499 [credit: SDO/HMI]
The Sun: http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfro....nt.net/wp-content/up [credit: NASA/SDO/AIA]
Earth: http://www.nasa.gov/content/go....ddard/earth-from-spa [credit: NASA's Earth Observatory]
Fusion in the Sun: http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Fusioninthe [credit: Borb]
Empire State Building: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E....mpire_State_Building
Sun Structure: https://www.flickr.com/photos/....11304375@N07/2819311
Photospheric granulation: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.....gov/images/granules.
Corona: http://philhart.smugmug.com/Su....n/Queensland-Solar-E [credit: Phil Hart]
"Magnet0873" by Newton Henry Black - Newton Henry Black, Harvey N. Davis (1913) Practical Physics, The MacMillan Co., USA, p. 242, fig. 200. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/w....iki/File:Magnet0873.
Strange Days On The Sun: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=1 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Images courtesy of NASA/SDO]
Under the Sunspots: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=2 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab]
Raining Loops: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a....010000/a011100/a0111 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO]
Coronal Mass Ejection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_xYcMQe5KA [credit: NASA]
Aurora: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-BicSV9RAw
Soloar Close-ups: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-b....in/details.cgi?aid=4 [credit: NASA]
In which John Green teaches you about World War I and how it got started. Crash Course doesn't usually talk much about dates, but the way that things unfolded in July and August of 1914 are kind of important to understanding the Great War. You'll learn about Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Pincep, the Black Hand, and why the Serbian nationalists wanted to kill the poor Archduke. You'll also learn who mobilized first and who exactly started the war. Sort of. Actually there's no good answer to who started the war, but we give it a shot anyway.
You can directly support Crash Course at https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Free is nice, but if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing this content.